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Chapter 27 (Reproduction (Binary fission (a single prokaryotic cell…

- - - - Phage DNA is replicated and page proteins are synthesized
        
        Fragment of bacterial DNA with A+ allele is packages within a phage capsid
        
        Phage infects bacterial donor cell that carries the A+ and B+ alleles
        
        Phage with A+ allele infects bacterial recipient cell
        
        Incorporation of phage DNA creates recombinant cell with genotype A+B-
  - - - one strand of F+ cell plasmid DNA breaks at arrowhead
        
        broken strand peels off and enters F- cell
        
        Donor recipient synthesize complementary DNA strands
        
        Recipient cell is now recombinant F+ cell
        
        Transfer of an F plasmid
        
        A single strand of the F factor breaks and begins to move through the bridge
        
        Crossing over can result in exchange of homologuous genes
        
        An Hfr cell forms a mating bridge with an F- cell
        
        enzymes degrade and DNA not incorporated, recipient cell is now a recombinant F- cell
- - - - red membrane pigments
      - ATP synthesis
      - live in harsh environments, most salty organism
      - compensates for water lost through osmosis, pump potassium ions
  - - - Bacillus
        
        rods in forms of chains
        
        usually solitary
    - - Spirillum
        
        cork-screw shaped
        
        coils
    - - coccus
        
        Pairs
        
        chains of many cells
        
        Single
        
        cluster
  - - - Peptidoglycan
        
        polymer composed of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides
        
        encloses the entire bacterium and anchors other molecules
        
        Archael cell wall lacks peptidoglycan
      - Gram Stain
        
        categorize many bacterial species, cell wall composition
        
        Gram- Positive
        
        thick cell wall
        
        Gram- Negative
        
        thin cell wall
      - Capsule
        
        cell wall of many prokaryotes
        
        slime layer
      - Endospores
        
        lack water or essential nutrients
        
        water is removed, metabolism stops
        
        original cells then lyses
        
        original cell produces a copy of its chromosome and surrounds that copy with multi layered structure
  - - - hairlike appendages
      - numerous protein-containing appendages enable prokaryotes to attach to surfaces or other cells
    - - appendages that pull two cells together prior to DNA transfer
      - sex pili
      - F Factor
        
        ability to form pili and donate DNA during conjugation
- - - - harms but does not kill
    - - parasites that cause disease
    - - organism called a parasite
- - - - toward nutrients or oxygen
      - away from toxic substance
- - - - Extreme halophiles
        
        live in highly saltine environment
      - Extreme thermophiles
        
        thrive in hot environments
      - Extremophiles
        
        love extreme conditions
- - - - must use O2 for cellular respiration and can't grow with out it
    - - poisoned by O2
  - - - substances rather than O2, such as nitrate ions or sulfate ions, accept electrons at the "downhil" end of electron transport chains
    - - use O2 if its present but can also carry fermentation or anaerobic respiration in an anaerobic environment
- - - - Chemoautotroph
        
        Energy Source and Carbon source
        
        CO2 or related compounds
        
        Inorganic chemicals
      - Photoautotroph
        
        Energy Source and Carbon Source
        
        CO2 or related compounds
        
        Light
    - - Photoheterotroph
        
        Energy Source and Carbon source
        
        Organic compounds
        
        Light
      - Chemoheterotroph
        
        Energy Source and Carbon source
        
        Organic Compounds
        
        Organic Compunds