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chapter 27 (diverse nutritional and metabolic adaptations (phototrophs,…

- - - - they survive b/c they have structural and biochemical adaptations that make their DNA and proteins stable at high temps
        
        methanogens, release methane as a waste product, they live in swamps, and marshes
- - - - a movement away or toward the stimulus
        
        chemotaxis change movement pattern in response to chemicals
        
        positive chemotaxis move toward nutrients or oxygen
        
        negative chemotaxis move away from a toxic substance
      - prokaryotes also have flagella for movement
  - - - lipid portions of lipopolysaccharides in gram negative are toxic causing fever and or shock
        
        the outer membrane of gram negative protects itself from the bodys defense
        
        its more resistant than positive against antibiotics b/c the outer membrane impedes entry of drugs
        
        some gram positive species have virulent strains that are resistant to more than one antibiotics ex: staphylococcus aureus
  - - - sticky layer helps the prokaryotes cling to their substrate or to other individuals in the colony
      - capsules and slime layers protect from dehydration, and shield from pathogenic prokaryotes from attacks by the host immune system
  - - - pili pull two cell together to transfer DNA from one cell to another they are also referred to as sex pili
  - - - some prokaryotes can store metabolic by products in simple compartments made of proteins but do not have membranes
      - they have circular chromosomes
      - they have no nucleus so chromosomes are located in the nucleoid, region of the cytoplasm that is not enclosed by a membrane
      - have smaller rings of independently replicating DNA molecules called plasmids
    - - they have bigger ribosomes than prokaryotes and they differ in their protein and RNA content
- - - - transformation, genotype and phenotype are altered by the uptake of foreign DNA from its surroundings
        
        it occurs when a nonpathogenic take up a piece of DNA carrying an allele for pathogenicity and replaces it with its own allele with foreign allele the exchange of homologous DNA segment
      - transduction, phages carry prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another
        
        it occurs b/c there was an accident that occurred during the phage replicative cycle
      - conjugation, DNA is transferred between two prokaryotic cells that are temporarily joined
        
        in bacteria DNA is always transferred one way
        
        one cell donates, while the other receive
        
        the pilus of the donor cells that attaches to the recipient
        
        then the pilus retracts pulling the two cells together like a grappling hook
        
        then theirs a formation of a mating bridge between the two cells, the donor transfers DNA to recipient
        
        forming of the pilus and donating of DNA during conjugation results from a piece of DNA called the F factor
        
        F factor in plasmid form, is called the F plasmid
        
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- - - - nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes can increase the nitrogen available to plants
- - - - prokaryotes convert molecules into forms that other organism can take up
      - cyanobacteria and other autotrophic prokaryotes use CO2 to make organic compounds
- - - - reason is that photosynthesis produces O2 that inactivates the enzymes involved in nitrogen fixation
        
        most cell in a filament carry out only photosynthesis, but only a few specialized cells called heterocyst
        
        heterocyst only carry out nitrogen fixation
        
        each heterocyst is surrounded by a thick cell wall that restricts entry of O2 produced by neighboring photosynthetic cells
- - - - ex: cholera, a diarrheal disease