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Transport Processes (Water Potential (Cells and Water Movement (Immature…
Transport Processes
Water Potential
Water's Chemical Potential
Capacity to do Work
Can be Increased
Heating
Put Under Pressure
Elevated
Can Be Decreased
Cooling
Reducing Pressure
Lowering
Three Basic Components
Pressure Potential
Effect of Pressure
Measured in MegaPascals or Bars
Osmotic Potential
Effect of Solutes
Number of Particles Present
Matric Potential
Adhesion to Nondissolved Structures
Movement of Water
Moves When There is a Water Potential Difference
No Net Movement of Water in Equilibrium
Potentials Must Be in Pairs or Groups
Cells and Water Movement
Lysis
Bursting of Animal Cells in Pure Water
Immature Cells
Weak Walls
Cannot Stop Water Absorption
Causes Cell Growth
Plant Cells Cannot Burst from Water
Water Loss in Plant Cells
Causes Wilting
Incipient Plasmolysis
Protoplast Pulls Slightly From Wall
Plasmolyzed
Protoplast Pulls Completely From Wall
Short-Distance Intercellular Transport
Symplast
A Plant's Entire Protoplast
Plasmodesmata Allow Communication
Can Be Transported Across Plasma Membrane
Osmosis
Molecular Pumps
Fusion
Apoplast
Wall and Intercellular Spaces
Guard Cells
Night-Time
Shrunked
Little Internal Pressure
Hydraulic Equilibrium
Day-Time
Active Transport of K+
No Diffusion
No Hydraulic Equilibrium
Motor cells
Cells at Joints of Plants
Similar to Guard Cells
Accumulate or Expel K+
Adjust Water Potential and Turgidity
Cause Trapping of Venus Flytrap
Transfer Cells
Smooth Outer Surface
Numerous Outgrowths on Inner Surface
Large Surface Area
Areas of Short-Distance Transportation
The Water Available in Water
Eutrophication
Death of Algae
Uses Up Oxygen
Causes Fish Death
Mountain Steams are Cleanest
Too Pure for Algae Growth
Larger Rivers are Less Pure
Contains Runoff
Oceans Have Saltwater
Rain Carries Dilute Salts
Concentration of Saltwater Fluctuates
Diffusion, Osmosis, And Active Transport
Diffusion
Simplest Method
Materials Through a Solution
High to Low Concentration
Membrane Types
Freely Permeable
Little Biological Significance
All Solutions Diffuse Through
Completely Impermeable
Isolation Barries
No Movement Through Allowed
Permeable Membranes
Also Called Differential
Certain Substances Pass Through
All Lipid/Protein Cells Membranes
Aquaporins
Protein Channels
Allows Water to Pass Through All Membranes
Molecular Pumps
Force Molecules Across Membranes
Uses ATP
Called Active Transport
Intracellular Transport
Vesicles Migrate Through Cytoplasm
Vesicles Fuse with Other Organelles
Contents Transferred to Organelle
The Water Available in Air
Supplies Water to Plants in Many Forms
Rain
Fog
Dew
Motive Force for Transpiration
Water Availability Varies in Climates
Long-Distance Transport: Xylem
Properties of Water
Water Molecules Act Strongly With Each Other
Cohesive
Any Force Acting On One Acts On Every One
Adhesive
Molecules Interact With Other Substances
Makes Water Less Free to Move
Adheres to Soil Molecules Firmly
Heavy
Requires Lots of Energy To Move
Water Transport Through Xylem
Cohesion-Tension Process
Widely Accepted Model of Process
Transstomatal Transpiration
Water Loss Through Open Stomata
Transcuticular Transpiration
Water Loss Through Cuticle
Poikilohydry
Body Water Content Changes with Habitat
Lichins
Cavitation
Water Column Breaks
Breaking of Hydrogen Over a Large Area
Tracheid Won't Conduct Water Again
Embolism
Space Between the Cavitation Points
Expands Surface Until Encountering a Barrier
Control of Water Transport by Guard Cells
Long Distance Transport: Phloem
Pressure-Flow Hypothesis
Molecular Pumps and Active Transport
Sources
Sites Where Water and Nutrients are Transported
Actively Transported
Sugars
Sieve Tube Members or Sieve Cells
Polymer Trap Mechanism
Unpermeable to Polysaccharides
STM/CC Complex
Functional Unit
Conducting Cell with Companion Cells
Mass Transfer
Sugars and Nutrients Transported Per Hour
Specific Mass Transfer
Mass Transfer Divided by the Area of Phloem
Sinks
Receive Transported Phloem Sap
Extremely Diverse
Not All Active at Same Time
Rapid Flow of Phloem Sap
Controlled By Plants
Sealing Broken Sieve Elements
P-Protein
Fine Network
Adjacent to Plasma Membrane
P-Protein Plug
Tangled Mass of P-Protein
Plugs Up Breaks
Callose
Stays Only if Under Pressure
