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Introduction to Psychology Chapter 1 (Approaches to Psychology (Biological…
Introduction to Psychology Chapter 1
What is psychology ?
-Greek word
Psyche
= soul
Logos
= study
the
scientific study of the mental and behaviour processes
and how they are affected by an or organism's physical state, mental state and external environment
-psychologists unite to understand behaviour using methods of science
Science
-Latin word
Scire
= to know
A process with the goal of acquiring an
understanding
of how the world works, with
observable
physical evidence as tge basis of that understanding
Personal experience
Rationalism
The principle of accepting
reason
as the supreme authority in matters of opinion
-Use of
reason
or
logic
Empiricism
knowledge via empiricism
•through objective
observation
(seeing, hearing, tasting, touching)
Gaining knowledge via science is a
combination of rationalism and empiricism
Empirical part
- the systematic observation and collection of data
Rational part
- the formulation of hypotheses and theories
Goal of science
to describe
to explain
to predict
to control
Goals of psychology
•
To describe behaviour
How people think, feel and act in specific situation
•
To explain behaviour
'why' that behaviour hapoened based on the different psychology perspectives
•
To predict behaviour
The ability to say in advance how someone is likely to act
•
To change behaviour (control)
Changing, influencing, or controlling behaviour to make constructive and lasting changes in people's lives
History of Psychology
Early Era
Study of mind & behaviour (Ancient Greek)
1879, 1st psychology lab was founded - Wilhelm Wundt
1890, William James developed functionalism approach
Learn about how people produce useful behaviours
Behaviourism
Founded by John B. Watson
A field of psychology that concentrates on observable, measurable behaviours & not on mental processes
Lead to development learning theories
Freud to Modern Clinical Psychology
Founder of psychoanalysis
Clinical method for treating psychopathology
Popularised psychotherapy with methods of analysing patient's dreams and memories
Led to the development of clinical psychology
Recent trends
Cognitive psychology
Neuroscience psychology
Evoluntionary psychology
Positive psychology
Main perspective in psychology
Biological
Investigating brain structures or neurochemicals
Studying the physical basis for animal & human behaviour
Behavioural
Studying human behaviour (observable responses)
Cognitive
Study what people are thinking or feeling
Concerned with understanding
Mental processes such as memory, perception and problem solving
Approaches to Psychology
Biological Approach
Focus on genetic, hormonal, and neurochemicals explanations of behaviour
Psychoanalysis
Innate drives of sex and aggression (nature). Social upbringing during childhood (nurture)
Cognitive Psychology
Innate mental structures such as schemas, perception and memory and constantly changed by the environment
Humanism
Maslow emphasized basic physical needs. Society influences a person's self concept
Behaviorism
All behaviour is learned from the environment through conditioning
Scientific Methods In Psychology
Gathering & Evaluating Evidence
Hypothesis
Clear prediction of outcomes
Based on observations
Example : If we decrease the amount of violence on television, the crime rate will decrease
Method
Results
Interpretation
General Principles of Psychological Research
Operational
A definition that specifies the operations used to produce or measure something
Population Samples
1) Population
The entire group of individuals to be considered
Example : All students of KPJUC
2) Convenience Sampling
Convenient group to study
(Anyone who is available)
Example : Cafeteria
Advantages
: Easiest to get
Disadvantage
: Results not generalisable
3) Representative Sample
Closely resembles the population in terms of percentage
(Same % of gender, race, etc. Distribution)
Example : 90% of students
Advantage
: Results are generalisable
Disadvantage
: Sample may be representative in some way, but not others
4) Random Sampling
Every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected
Advantage
: Results are generalisable
Disadvantage
: Difficult to recruit
5) Cross-cultural Samples
Groups of people from at least two cultures
(Different cultures)
Example : Chinese & Indian
Advantage
: Essential to understand culture differences, diversity, etc.
Disadvantages
: Difficult, due to language barriers, cooperation problems etc.
Research Designs
1) Observational Research Design
Naturalistic Observation
Case Histories
Surveys
2) Correlations Studies
Do NOT infer causation
Looks at the relationship between two @ more variables
3) Experiments
IVs, DVs, experimental group, control group
RANDOM ASSIGNMENT!
*Infers causation (cause-and-effect)
Profession In Psychology
Specialties In Psychology
Clinical
Counselling
Health
Experimental
Educational
Developmental
Social
Industrial / Organisational
Forensic
Sport
Nature
Nurture
Hanna
Eryna
Fadhlin
