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Viruses & Bacteria (Bacteria (Structures (Classified by cell wall…
Viruses & Bacteria
Viruses
Shapes of Viruses
Helix
Polyhedron (many sides)
Spherical
Complex
Icosahedron
(all of the above put together)
Are nonliving because they do not possess all characteristics of life.
Require a
host
to replicate.
Viruses alos have a
host range
. (can only infect certain species)
Structure of Viruses
Contain either a single or double stranded nucleic acid.
Capsid
Capsomere
Viral Envelope
Contains proteins of viral origin.
Reproduction
Retrovirus
Reverse transcriptase
Takes over a cell and replicates viral DNA
Provirus
Integrated DNA that does not leave the host cell
Treatments
Vaccines
Stimulate production of antibodies to fight
pathogen
A Pathogen
Cocktails
Antivirals
Interfere with nucleic acid synthesis. (replication)
Proteins As Infectious Agents
Prions
Tears apart protein tissue and cannot be treated.
Enterovirus
Vector
Organism that spreads a pathogen from one host to another
Both Viruses & Bacteria
Reproduction & Replication
Lytic & Lysogenic Cycles
Lysogenic
Allows for replication without destroying cell.
Lytic
Breaks open and destroys cell.
Restriction Enzymes
RESTRICT phage from replicating with in bacterium. (Defense mechanism)
Crispr Cas Systems
Bacterial immune system
Can cut phage DNA, which defends bacteria against phage infection
Transduction
genotype of a cell is altered by foreign DNA
Transformation
Phages carry prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another.
Types of Phages
Bacteriophage (phage)
Virulent Phage
Prophage
Temperate phages
Emerging Viruses
Epidemic
Local or country
Pandemic
Global
Bacteria
Shapes of Bacteria (Prokaryotes)
Coccus
Spherical
*Bacilli
*
Rod shaped
Spirillum
Spiral
Structures
Most cell walls contain
peptidoglycan
which is made up of polysaccharides
Classified by cell wall composition through gram stain
Gram Positive
Thick cell wall of peptidoglycan on top.
Gram Negative
Thin layer of peptidoglycan in the middle of the outer and plasma membranes.
Most cells walls have a sticky layer of protein
Capsule
Endospores
Resistant cells that are developed by bacteria when the lack essential nutrients.
Fimbriae
Bacterial hai like extensions that allow them to stick.
Plasmids
small rings of DNA replicating molecules.
Prokaryotes lack a nucleus,but contain a
nucleoid
Region of cytoplasm that is not enclosed by membrane.
Flagellum
Bacterial tails
Biofilm
Motility
Taxis
movement towards or away a stimulus.
Usually done towards food or water
Reproduction
Binary Fission
Bacterial cell division
Genetic Recombination
Combining of DNA from 2 sources
Conjugation
DNA transfer between 2 bacterial cells
F Plasmid
Necessary for bacterial reproduction
Diseases
Strep
Staph
Produces toxins
Treatment
Antibiotics
Do not work for viruses
R Plasmids
are antibiotic resistant
Archaea
Living
Thermophiles
Heat loving
Halophile
Salt loving
Methanogens
Live in moderate environments and release methane.
Ecological Interactions
Symbiosis
Symbiont
Mutualism
Both equally benefit
Commensalism
one benefits the other does not care.
Parasitism
One benefits and the other is harmed
Chemoheterotroph
Requires organic material for energy
Nitrogen fixation