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Adolescence (Characteristics of Adolescence (Memory (reminiscence bump:…
Adolescence
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Drug Use
cannabis before age 18 --> gray matter atrophy, decline in IQ --> affecting neuronal genesis, neuronal migration, glia formation
low aversive biological responses eg. milder withdrawal symptoms, less pronounced acute effects--> immaturity of GABA receptor systems
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connected to childhood sexual abuse, childhood adversity, exposure to early stress
Neurobiology of drug use
- pleasurable feeling of drugs --> dopamine in nucleus accumbens is high
- memory of association that drug = pleasure --> hippocampus
- hippocampus gates responsesof nucleus accumbens + uses environmental cues
- motivational salience --> excitatory PFC input into the accumbens
- drug use associations --> amygdala
- compulsive drug use --> highly reactive HPA
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people with ADHD have decreased prefrontal activity and are 4x as likely to develop a substance use disorder
Psychopathology
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Substance Abuse
personality traits as risk factors: high levels of novelty seeking, low levels of harm avoidance
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effects of social isolation and reduced fear extinction in development of mental illnesses (rodent studies)
How? Probably anomalies of typical maturation processes + psychosocial factors (eg. school, relationships) + biological environmental factors (eg. pubertal hormonal changes, drugs)
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Models
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Triadic Model
motivated behavior has 3 distinct neural circuits: approach (ventral striatum), avoidance (amygdala), regulatory (prefrontal cortex)
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