Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
MM2: Cellular Differentiation + Stem Cells (ii) (Induced pluripotent stem…
MM2: Cellular Differentiation + Stem Cells (ii)
Induced pluripotent stem cells
Formation
1) take regular somatic 'adult' cell (e.g. skin)
2) Genetic programming
over express 4 transcription factors (regulate gene expression) that are highly expressed in embryonic development...
Oct4 (most important)
Sox2
Klf4
C-Myc
3) Culture induced pluripotent stem cells
proof that potency is not unidirectional (went from somatic -> pluripotent)
Advantages
no need to destroy embryos
genetically identical - no rejection
Disadvantages
large no. of somatic cells required
long term studies needed
increase tumour growth in mice studies
possible solution: stop using viral vectors for genetic reprogramming
3 types of Cloning
1) Reproductive Cloning
1) Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
take nucleus from adult cell, remove nucleus from ovum, place adult nucleus into ovum + electricity (behaves like a zygote)
2) surrogate pregnancy + live birth
difficult + illegal to do on humans
retrieving eggs: invasive procedure with risks
2) therapeutic cloning
1) SCNT
2) continue to culture as stem cells (no pregnancy)
intended to help patients
no rejection risk
again problem with retrieving eggs
3) molecular cloning
cloning DNA
common in labs to study what a gene does
Stem Cell Applications
Regenerative medicine
replacing lost cells
bone marrow transplants
skin grafts
Parkinsons
Spinal cord injury
heart disease
diabetes
baldness
blindness
drug testing
easy to replicate results
large amount of identical cells needed
Study disease processes
Ireland has no regulations on stem cell research