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Skeletal Tissue, Joints and Skeletal muscles (Skeletal Muscle (Microscopic…

- - - - Compose articular cartilage
        
        cover end of bone at movable joints
        
        epiphysis plates
- - - - lamella
        
        layer of bone matrix
      - central canal
        
        core , each canal contains own blood vessels
      - osteon
        
        component of compact bone
      - canaliculi
        
        form gap junction for nutrient diffusing
    - - intra-membranous
        
        Membrane from mesenchyme cells
        
        .osteocytes
        
        .trabeculae network
        .compact bone present
        
        .osteoid-mineralized
        
        .spongy bone
      - endochondral
        
        First modeled Hyaline Cartilage than replace by bone tissue
        
        .internal cavities
        .spongy bone
        
        .diaphysis elongated
        .medullary cavities
        .epiphysis appear
        
        cartilage calcify
        
        .epiphysis ossify
        .hyaline cartilage only in articular cartilage and epiphysis plates
        
        .Bone collar around diaphysis (hyaline cartilage)
    - - bone resorption
        
        .osteoblast responsible
        .break down bone tissue
        .osteoclast perform phagocytosis
      - bone deposition
        
        .Stem cells
        .accomplished by osteoblast( form bone marrow)
        .osteoblast transform osteocytes
        .
    - - Short bones
      - Flat bones
        
        .No diaphysis/ epiphysis/ marrow cavity
        . periosteum covered compact bone( external)
        .endosteum cover spongy bone (internal)
        
        External
        
        compression
        
        tension
        
        internal
        
        less overall stress
      - Long bones
        
        Structure
        . diaphysis
        .shaft and two distinct ends
        .proximal epiphysis
        .distal epiphysis
        .articular cartilage
        
        .blood vessels
        
        .serving nutrient artery
        .nutrient vein
        .nutrient foreman
        
        Medullary cavity
        
        .filled with yellow bone marrow
        
        membranes
        
        endosteum
        
        cover internal surface of bone
        
        .osteogenic
        .osteoblast
        .osteocytes
        
        periosteum
        
        cover outer surface of bone
        
        .osteogenic
        .osteoblast.
        osteocytes
      - Irregular bones
      - compact and spongy bone
        
        compact
        
        .outer part
        .osteons
        .perforating canal
        
        spongy
        
        .no osteons
        .Trabeculae
        .osteocyte
        .extracellular matrix
        .located end bone or inside other bones, red bone marrow
    - - osteoblast
        
        .created from leukocytes
        .microvilli
        .secrete enzymes
        .perform phagocytosis
      - osteocytes
        
        Bone cell in lacuna
      - osteogenic cells
        
        .stem cell
        .located :periosteum and endosteum
- - - - .joints held by ligament
        .fibrous tissue vary in length
        .fibrous tissue longer than Sutures
    - - . peg in socket fibrous tissue joint
        .short periodontal ligament
    - - .joint is held with very short
        . skull bone only, flat bone
        .interconnecting fibers
        .bone edges interlock
  - - - pivot joint
        
        rotation
      - condylar joint
        
        flexion, extension, adduction, abduction
      - hinge joint
        
        flexion,extension
      - saddle joint
      - plane joint
        
        gliding
      - ball and socket joint
        
        flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation
      - eversion
        
        turning sole foot laterally
      - circumduction
        
        flexion, extension, adduction, abduction make like a cone in space
      - protraction
        
        mandible lower jaw forward
      - inverstion
        
        turning sole of foot medially
      - retraction
        
        mandible back to normal
    - - reinforcing ligament
        
        .strengthen
        .extra-capsular -outside capsular
        .intra-capsular -internal capsular
      - synovial fluid
        
        .slippery and lubricant
        .joint cavity/ articular cartilage
        .weeping lubrication
      - nerves and vessels
        
        .sensory nerves fibers
        .blood vessels
      - articular capsule
        
        .fibrous layer (outer) dense irregular connective tissue-strengthen joint bone not pulled apart
        .synovial membrane (inner) loose connective tissue-make synovial fluid
      - articular disc
        
        .articular disc
        .temporomandibular /knee joints
      - joints cavity
        
        potential space that hold a synovial fluid
      - bursa and tendon sheaths
        
        .synovial fluid
        .tendon sheaths
      - Articular cartilage
        
        .end bone cover by articular cartilage
  - - - Sychondroses
        
        .epiphyseal plate (in-movable)
        .Hyaline Cartilage units
        .costal cartilage and sternum.
      - Symphyses
        
        .Fibrocartilage units
        .intervertebral discs
        . pubic symphysis (pelvic)
        .articular cartilage (friction when movement)
        .resilient shock absorber
        .flexibility , strength (slightly movable)
- - - - muscle fibers stretch back to original length
    - - eccentric contraction
        
        .muscle generates forces ''lengthens''
        .control movement and resist gravity
        .acting as a brake
      - concentric contraction
        
        .muscle shorten-does work
    - - .two set tubules each skeletal muscle
        . sarcoplasmic and T tubules
        
        transverse tubules
        
        wrap around each myofibril
        
        sarcoplasmic reticulum
        
        smooth endoplasmic reticulum-calcium storage
    - - .found elastic filament
        .resist overstretching
    - - .myofibrils (I-band, A-band created striations)- unbranched cylinder
        .contain myofilaments
        .sarcomeres -myofibril repeating segment
        
        myofibril
        
        A-band
        
        dark band
        
        thin filament
        
        microfilament (actin protein)
        
        I-band
        
        light band
        
        thick filament
        
        myosin protein ( myosin head)
        
        Z-disc-line
        
        bound of sarcomere
    - - .cylindrical cells (biggest cells in body)
        . contain many nucleus (deep to sarcolemma)
        
        fascicle (group of muscle fiber)
    - - .optimal resting length fibers- pulling force when muscle contracted
        .suboptimal-muscle fiber stretch -thick, thin filament not overlap-no pulling force
    - - .motor neurons-nerve cell
        .dendrites-receptive region
        .axon- cell process and transmit
    - - .nerve ending
        .terminal boutons- stores chemical messenger
        .synaptic cleft-separated terminal boutons muscle fiber
        .neurotansmitter
    - - .muscle fibers
    - - fast glycolytic fiber (FG)
        
        .little myoglobin
        .more myofilaments- much more powwe
        .little mitochodria- many glycosomes
        .contracts rapidly and tire quickly
        .upper limb-lift heave object
      - fast oxidative fibers (FO)
        
        .contract quick
        .oxygen dependent, high myoglobin
        .large number mitochondria
        .contains slow oxidative, fast glycolytic
      - slow oxidative fiber (SO)
        
        .large number mitochondria
        .myoglobin
        .slow oxidative-thin fiber
        .lower back muscle
    - - unit of contraction
    - - epimysium
        
        bind all fascicle together
      - deep fascia
        
        bind whole muscle together ( group muscle)
      - perimysium
        
        wrap each fascicle
        
        dense irregular connective tissue
      - endomysium
        
        space for small blood vessel run to next muscle fiber
  - - - .orgin - muscle that is more proximal to body midline
        .insertion-more distal to body midline
    - - .hold fiber together
        .epimysium (outer layer of dense irregular connective tissue)
        .perimysium (surround each fascicle )
        .endomysium - between individual muscle fibers(loose connective tissue/ reticular fibers)
  - - - .wall of heart only
        .intercalated discs
        .involuntary (visceral muscle)
        .striation
    - - .wall hollow internal organ
        .lack striation
        .muscle fibers
        .involuntary (visceral muscle)
    - - .skeletal muscle
        .muscle fibers (cell)
        .striation
        .voluntary
  - - - .sphincter muscle
    - - .bone
        blood
        .smooth muscle contents of hollow organ
  - - - .ability respond to stimulus
    - - .stretched
    - - .microfilament ; myofilaments
        .protein actin and protein myosin
        .developed muscle cells
    - - .recoil
        .ability return to original shape after extension