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Chap. 4; Growth and Division of the Cell (Division Phase of Cell Cycle…
Chap. 4; Growth and Division of the Cell
Growth Phase of Cell Cycle
Interphase
G1 Phase is the longest part of cell cycle, although time spent here varies greatly. The most important process in G1 phase is synthesis of nucleotides.
S Phase - DNA replication.
G2 Phase cells prepare for division. alpha & beta-tubulins synthesize and proteins are produced.
Division Phase of Cell Cycle
Mitosis
Prophase- Chromosomes coil, and condense becoming shorter, and thicker.
Anaphase - Chromosomes separate to opposite ends of spindle.
Metaphase - Metaphase plate is formed in center, and Separase releases chromosomes from each other.
Telophase - chromosomes uncoil and spindle depolymerizes and disappears.
Cytokinesis - formation of phragmoplasts
Meiosis occurs in reproduction cells. Gametes form zygote witch then grow into an adult
Meiosis I
Prophase I - similar to prophase in mitosis and is divided into 5 stages.
1) Leptotene - chromosomes condense
2) Zygotene - chromosomes pair up.
3)Pachytene - chromosomes condense, becoming shorter and thicker.
4)Diplotene - Chromosomes move away from each other but are held together by centromere.
5) Diakinesis - seperation continues
Metaphase I - Metaphase plate is formed.
Anaphase I - Chromosomes separate from each other and move to opposite sides of spindle.
Telophase I - chromosomes uncoil and spindle depolymerizes and disappears.
Meiosis II
Less Common Types of Division
Karyokinesis occurs without cytokinesis and multinucleate cells are formed.
Cell Division in Algae
Cytokinesis -
Nuclei
Cell Division in Prokaryotes
Lack mitosis and Meiosis
Several rounds of replication occur.
Cytokinesis occurs by infurrowing
Division in Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
Infurrowing OR pulled apart.
Each daughter cell must receive one mitochondrion and one plastid during cytokinesis.