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SOC 101 Exam 1 (Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective (4 Factors that…

- - - - Gender affiliation
      - Wealth/Class affiliation
      - Marital affiliation
      - War/Peace context: suicide rate higher during peacetime
      - Religious affiliation
      - Social Facts: experienced as an independent and objective reality, as a social context in which individuals exist and operate. i.e status, race
        Impose themselves upon individual behavior and action, typically as constraints, behaviors, decisions, choices i.e. sexism, racism
        Not determined by the consensus of individual ideas, they exist as social structures
- - - - Oppositional Subcultures: resist particular social institutions or practices (may also be labeled counter culture).
        Are groups whose values set their members in opposition to the dominant cultures. i.e. gangs, anti-consumerism
      - The Aesthetic Subculture: one that simply differs from the wider culture. Each subculture is a world within the larger world of the dominant culture, and has a distinctive way of looking at life, but remains compatible with the dominant culture.
      - Subculture as total institution: a social space in which members live and work with like minded people cut off from wider society. i.e. amish, cult
      - Subculture in operation society: the members share distastes with dominant societal norms but remain operational with the wider society. i.e. ethnic enclave: china town
- - - - Causes Alienation:
        
        The estrangement from self
        
        The estrangement from others
        
        The estrangement from work/labor and product
  - - - More common among small and or isolated homogeneous populations.
        Cooperation rather than competition
        Just filling a spot, not individualistic
        Members share same values and beliefs
        Status of the individual is determined by kinship-reliance on family ties
  - - - Criticisms: No systematic frameworks for prediction or persistence/evolving of meanings
        Potential for subjectivity in analysis
    - - Manifest Functions: the recognized and intended consequences of the social structure. i.e. early education-> how to read and write
        Latent Functions: the often unrecognized and unintended consequences. i.e. how to socialize
        Social Dysfunctions: undesirable consequences
      - Criticisms:
        May justify and legitimize the existence of a part of society i.e. poverty or unemployed
        Helps to preserve status quo by overlooking sources of tension and inequality
        Efficiency of a part may not be questioned
        Origins of social conflict and instability not accountable or are considered dysfunctional
    - - Criticisms: overemphasize tensions and divisions
        relationship between groups more complex
        Situations exist where subordinate groups control the interactions are ignored.
- - - - Researchers analyze data already collected by others
        i.e. census, crime reports
        Disadvantages: must rely on someone else's research, cannot be certain that it is accurate or not biased. You can't ask additional questions.
    - - Research based on the study of documents- written sources that provide data, such as letters, diaries, newspapers, books, police reports, and government records. archival material: recordings, photographs, and movies.
    - - This method entails the researcher participating in the research setting while simultaneously systematically observing what is happening.
        Setting up culture shock: initial orientation or entry periods, which may take up to 3 months or longer learning about the environment.
        "breaking in" researcher has to gain trust of community under study. Rapport with a few key informants who become your guide to the community.
      - Advantages: natural setting, gains insight beyond any gained from more distant surveyor.
      - Disadvantages: time consuming, hard to replicate, results are not generalizable, hard to rule out spuriousness, getting attached to the community is a blurring of subjectivity.
    - - LEAST USED
        3 conditions are necessary for causation: correlation, temporal priority, and non spurious correlation.
        Extracts individuals from their setting
    - - The most popular method among researchers
        Involves direct questioning of research subjects
        Selecting a sample:
        Population: the target group that you intend to study
        Sample: a set # of individuals from among the target population
      - Generalizability* your sample must be representative of your population
      - Random Sample: every element of the population has the same chance of ending up in the sample. Important if goal is to be generalizable
        
        Stratified random sampling: a sample for selected subgroups of the target population in which everyone in those subgroups has an equal chance of being included in the research.
        
        Snowball Sampling: sample is created by a continuous series of introductions to friends and colleagues. Not very representative or generalizable.
        Make contact with key informants and end up getting more from around.
      - Survey questions must be neutral, should not be leading or biased language.
        Close ended Questions: provide a series of fixed responses to questions. Used mostly in structured interviews and are faster to administer and easier to code.
        Open-ended Questions: allows subjects to respond freely to questions. They are used mostly in unstructured interviews and they allow subjects to use their own words and the meanings behind them.
    - - Least used too
        This method involves observing the behavior of people who do not know they are being observed. i.e. going through someone's trash.
        Issues of unethical