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Organization of the Human Body (Body Systems (Integumentary (skin, hair,…
Organization of the Human Body
Body Cavities
Dorsal Body Cavities
made up of cranial and spinal cavities
Ventral Body Cavities
contains all structures of chest and abdomen
Cranial Cavity
space inside skull: houses the brain
Spinal Cavity
houses the spinal cord
Thoracic Cavity
upper chest area: houses lungs, heart, etc.
Mediastinum
houses the heart
Abdominopelvic Cavity
made up of abdominal and pelvic cavities
Body Planes
Imaginary Flat Surfaces
Sagittal (Medial)
divides body into right and left portions
Frontal (Coronal)
divides body into anterior and posterior
Transverse (Cross-Section)
divides body into superior and inferior portions
Level of Organizations
Atoms
tiny building blocks of matter
Cells
smallest unit of all living things
Organ Systems
group of organs that cooperate to accomplish common purpose
Organs
composed of two or more tissue types that have specific function
Tissue
groups of similar cells that have a common function
Organism
composed of eleven organ systems
Directional Terms
Terminology
Superficial
towards the surface of body
Proximal
closer the the trunk of body or point of origin ( only for legs and arms)
Ipsilateral)
on the same side of the body)
Intermediate)
between two structures)
Medial
towards the midline
Anterior
towards front or in front of
Superior
towards the head, upper, or above
Posterior
towards the back, or in back of
Lateral
towards the side of the body or away from the midline
Contralateral
on the opposite side of
Distal
further away from the trunk of the body (only for arms and legs)
Deep
away from the surface, more internal
Body Systems
Integumentary
skin, hair, nail)
body covering, protects under layer makes vitamin D
Skeletal
cartilages, joints , bones
protects/supports body organs, provides muscle attachment, site of blood formation, stores minerals
Muscular
cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle
movement/ posture, movement of material in body, body heat
Nervous System
brain,sensory receptor, spinal cord, nerves
fast acting control system regualaqtes other systems with electrochemical signals
Endocrine System
pineal gland, pituatary gland, thyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, testis,
secretes regulatory hormones slow acting control system
Cardiovascular System
heart, blood vessels
transports materials by blood such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and hormones
Lymphatic System
thoracic duct, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels
transports material by lymph returns fluids to blood vessels, aids in immune function against infections
Respiratory System
nasal cavity, pharnyx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, left lung)
gas exchange between lungs and blood
Digestive Sytem
oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, intestine, rectum
breaks down/absorbs nutrients eliminates indigestible
material
Urinary System
kidney, bladder, uterus, urethra)
eliminates nitrogeneous waste in form of urine, water balanced
Reproductive System
mammary glands, utherine tube, ovary, vagina, uterus, prostate, penis, testis, scrotum, vas deferens
production of system
Feedback Loops
Homeostasis
Two types of feedback:
Positive feedback- increases original stimulus
Negative feedback-decreases original stimulus
effector-receives information from the central control system
control system-determines set points, analyzes information
receptor-sensor that detects change, relays information
homeostasis-body's ability to maintain a stable internal condition
Necessary Life Functions
metabolism
sum of all chemical reactions occuring in body
reproduction
producing offspring
responsiveness
ability to sense change in environment and react
maintaining boundaries
insides stay distinct from outside
movement
change in body position and transport material inside body
digestion
process of breaking down ingested food
excretion
process of removing waste
growth
increase in size
Survival Needs
atmospheric pressure
force exerted by weight of air; allows for exchange of gases
stable body temperature
needed for metabolism
water
needed to release energy
nutrients
contains chemicals for energy
oxygen
needed to release energy
Body Regions
Umbilical Region
small intestine large intestine
Left Lumbar Region
large intestine kidney
Right Lumbar Region
kidney large intestines small intestine
Right Iliac Region
Right Iliac Region
Left Hypochondriac Region
spleen kidney pancreas large intestine
Hypo-Gastric Region
urinary bladder uterus small intestine
Epi-Gastric Region
liver stomach pancreas spleen
Left Iliac Region
large intestine
Right Hypochondriac Region
contains-liver, stomach, kidney, and gall bladder