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Growth and Division of The Cell (Rates of growth (Arithmetic increase…
Growth and Division of The Cell
Resting Phase (Interphase)
Three distinct phases
S Phase
Genes in the Nucleus
G-2 Phase
Cells prepare for division
Lasts 3-5 hours
Alpha and Beta tubulins necessary for spindle microtubules are synthesized.
G-1 Phase
First Stage after Division
Cell Growth
Division Phase of the Cycle
The actual two processes
Cytokinesis
The plasma membrane pinches in two, being pulled inward as a cleavage furrow, a process remarkably similar to cytokinesis in animals.
Karyokinesis
Mitosis
Duplication Division more common
Four Phases
Prophase
Chromosome condensed, becoming shorter and thickened visible
Metaphase
Chromosomes appear to aligned in the very center
Anaphase
Pulling of each daughter chromosome away from its twin
Telophase
Chromosomes approach the ends of the spindle.
Fragments of the nuclear envelop start to appear
Most events are reversal of those in prophase
Meiosis
Reduction Division (Two rounds of division)
Meiosis I
Prophase I
Nucleolus and nuclear membrane break down
Centrioles separate if present
Chromosomes condensed and become visible
Metaphase I
Spindle microtubules move the tetrads to the center of the cell forming a metaphase plate
Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes separate completely from each other moving to opposite ends of the spindle
Telophase I
Opposite of Prophase II
Chromosomes start to uncoil and the nucleolus and nuclear start to reappear
Meiosis II
Prophase II is not subdivided into stages like metaphase I
Metaphase II is short and at the end of it, the centromeres divide
Anaphase II then separates it's new chromosome from its replicate
Telophase II, new nuclei are formed
Rates of growth
Arithmetic increase
Only one cell allowed to divide
Geometric increase
All cells of the organism or tissue actively dividing
