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Ch 26/27: Immunity (Passive (Inflammation (Isolates and limits tissue…

- - - - Competitive exclusion
  - - - Myeloid precursor
        
        Antigen-presenting cells (APC)
        
        Monocyte
        
        Macrophage
        
        Causes inflamation
        
        Dendritic cell
        
        Engulf, process, and present antibodies to lymphocytes
        
        Phagocytosis
        
        Engulf pathogen upon recognition of PAMPs by TLRs
        
        Phagosome
        
        Membrane bound vesicle
        
        Contains engulfed bacteria
        
        Fuses with lysosomes
        
        Phagolysosome
        
        Produce toxic reactive oxygen intermediates
        
        Granulocytes
        
        Neutrophil
        
        Mast cell
        
        Release toxins/enzymes to kill target
        
        Basophils
        
        Eosinophils
      - Leukocytes #
      - Originate in bone marrow
    - - Pathogens have structures not found on host
        
        Peptidoglycan
        
        Flagellin
        
        dsRNA
    - - Leukocytes
      - Membrane bound or soluble proteins
        
        Recognize PAMP
  - - - Occurs due to chemical gradiant
    - - Destroys damaged cells
      - Destroys pathogens
      - Can result in damage to healthy tissue
  - - - Caused by IL-1
        
        Cytokine
        
        Pyrogens
      - Some pathogens cannot tolerate heat increase
    - - Sequester iron
        
        Limits pathogen growth
- - - - Immune cells have surface receptors that interact with individual antigens
      - Immune response occurs when receptor binds to antigen
    - - Antigen exposure causes multiplication of antigen-reactive cells
      - Primary immune response
        
        First initial exposure
        
        Produces short-lived plasma cells
        
        Produces mainly IgM
      - Secondary immune response
        
        Reexposure
        
        Triggers much stronger response
        
        Does not require helper T cells
        
        10-100 times more antibody (IgG)
    - - Acquired inability to make an adaptive immune response to one's own antigens
      - Failure results in autoimmunity
      - Discrimination between foreign and host antigens
  - - - Lymphoid precursor
        
        T cells
        
        Selection
        
        Precursor T cells move to Thymus
        
        Positive selection
        
        T-cells that recognize MHC peptides retained
        
        Negative selection
        
        T cells that strong bind self-antigens are discarded
        
        99% do not survive
        
        Only interact with foreign antigen when presented on MHC protein
        
        T-Cytotoxic (Tc) cells
        
        Kill cells that display foreign antigens
        
        Releases granules
        
        Perforin
        
        Causes pores to form in target cell
        
        Granzymes
        
        Cause apoptosis
        
        CD8 receptors
        
        Helper T cells
        
        Th1
        
        Secrete cytokines
        
        Activate macrophages
        
        Role in inflammation
        
        Th2
        
        B cell activation
        
        CD4 receptors
        
        Natural killer cell
        
        B cells
        
        Selection
        
        Positive selection
        
        Triggers
        
        Proliferation
        
        Differentiation
        
        Antibody production
        
        When B cell encounters an antigen it recognizes
        
        Negative selection
        
        Clonal anergy
        
        Clonal deletion
        
        1 more item...
        
        Self-reactive B cells are silenced b/c lack T cell help signal
        
        Memory cell
        
        Present for secondary immune response
        
        Plasma cell
        
        Produces antibodies/immunoglobins
        
        Soluble proteins
        
        B cell receptors
        
        Bind toxins/viruses
        
        Bind to foreign cells for opsonization (by phagocytes)
        
        Classes
        
        IgG
        
        1 more item...
        
        IgA
        
        1 more item...
        
        IgM
        
        1 more item...
        
        IgD
        
        1 more item...
        
        IgE
        
        1 more item...
        
        Encounter antigen and internalize
        
        Present antigen to helper T cell on MHC II molecule
        
        Helper T cell causes differentiation to plasma cell and memory cell
  - - - Getting a disease and recovering
    - - Passing antibodies to nursing infants
    - - Receiving a vaccination shot
    - - receiving pre-formed antibodies (injection)
  - - - Antibodies
        
        Epitope/antigenic determinant :
        
        Multiple epitopes per molecule
      - T cell receptors (TCR)
    - - Induce an immune response
      - Factors
        
        Intrinsic
        
        Complexity
        
        Proteins
        
        Carbohydrates
        
        Not DNA
        
        Physical form
        
        Insoluble molecules
        
        Size
        
        Not haptens
        
        Larger
        
        Extrinsic
        
        Dose
        
        Route of exposure