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Antioxidants (Vitamins (Vitamin C (Loss in food preparation (Processing…

- - - - Non-antioxidant Role
        
        Assist collagen, hormones, and DNA synthesis
        
        Help immune cell function
        
        Neurotransmitter
        
        Enhance iron absorption in plant foods
        
        Donate electrons to stop free radical damage
      - Antioxidant Role
        
        Reducing agent (electron donar)
    - - People at risk
        
        Alcoholics
        
        Experiencing scurvy and tissue breakdown when consuming nutrient poor diet
        
        Smokers
        
        Experiencing poor defense against free radical damage from tobacco oxidants. RDA: +35mg/day
        
        Burn patients
        
        Experiencing poor wound healing and skin repair
      - Symptoms
        
        Rebound Scurvy
        
        Diarrhea
        
        Pro-oxidant causes cellular damage
        
        Kidney stones
        
        Megadose (>10X DRI)
    - - Vegetables
        
        Red Pepper
      - Fruits
        
        Oranges
    - - Scurvy
      - Fail to synthesize collagen
        
        Tissue breakdown
    - - Processing and cooking
      - Excessive heat
      - Prolonged exposure of cut surfaces to air
      - Exposure to baking soda in cooking
      - Consume in fresh fruit & vegetables as much as possible
  - - - Antioxidant role
        
        Quench Free radicals
        
        Protect LDL (low density lipoprotein)
      - Non-antioxidant roles
        
        Vision
        
        rods and cones in retina at back of eye and cornea at front of eye require vitamin A
        
        Growth, development, & reproduction
        
        Cell differentiation: code for specific proteins
        
        Bone: break down old bone to permit bone turnover
        
        Health of mucous membranes in epithelial tissue: protects against infection in eye, urinary tract, skin, lungs, etc
        
        Immune function & infection
        
        needed for production of immune cells(e.g. T-cells) to fight infection(e.g. measles) #
    - - Toxicity
        
        High intakes of pâte
        
        Especially for
        
        Children
        
        Pregnant women
        
        Teratogenic to fetuses
        
        Supplement use at 3-4X RDA level
        
        Increased cancer rate
        
        Medical Treatment of acne
        
        Accutane (Oral)
        
        Retain A (Topical)
      - Symptoms
        
        Nausea
        
        High incidence of lung cancer
        
        Loss of appetite
        
        Headaches
        
        Dry skin
        
        Enlarged liver and spleen
        
        Reduced bone density and defection
    - - Night blindness
      - Xerophthalmia(dry eye)
        
        Leads blindness in up tp 0.5 million children per year
      - Failure to grow
        properly(children)
        
        Abnormal jaw bone
        
        Reduced mucous production
        
        Hard, cracked skin
      - Increased risk of infection and disease
        
        Ex. Measles
        
        Children in developing countries are most affected
      - Decreased absorption in intestine
    - - Liver
      - Fish oils
      - Egg yolk
      - Fortified milk
      - Butter
      - Cheese
    - - Retinoids
        
        Available for immeadiate use
        
        Found in animal foods
        
        Stored in
        
        90% in liver
        
        10% in adipose
        
        Three forms
        
        Retinal
        
        Needed for vision
        
        Retinol
        
        Needed for reproduction
        
        Retinoic Acid
        
        Aids with growth and development
      - Carotenoids
        
        Used as is
        
        Converted to retinol form
        
        20-40% absorption, intact, enhanced by fats
        
        Plant sourced
        
        Ex. Beta carotene
        
        High intake can cause hypercarotenemia
  - - - Neutralize free radicals
        
        Especially in lipids in cell membranes
      - Act as an anti inflammatory or pro inflammatory
      - Protect against
        
        Sun Damage
        
        Skin
        
        Aging
        
        Eyes
        
        Damage to cell membrane and LDL
    - - Vegetables
        
        Orange
        
        Bell Peppers
        
        Carrots
        
        Squash
        
        Yams
        
        Pumpkins
        
        Green
        
        Broccoli
        
        Spinach
        
        Kale
      - Fruits
        
        Red
        
        Apple
        
        Cherry
        
        Orange
        
        Apricots
        
        Mango
        
        Papaya
        
        Cantaloupe
    - - Symptoms
        
        Hypercarotenemia
        
        Fat under skin turns yellow
        
        Reversible
        
        Not harmful
        
        Skin turns orange
      - Intake of too many beta carotene supplements
    - - Increased risk of heart disease, cancer
  - - - Vegetables
        
        Yams
        
        Parsley
      - Nuts
        
        Almonds
        
        Hazelnuts
        
        Brazil nuts
      - Seeds
        
        Sunflower
        
        Pumpkin
      - Egg yolk
      - Plant oil
        
        Corn oil
        
        Wheat germ oil
    - - Caused by
        
        Food intake safe; inappropriate supplement use
      - Symptoms
        
        Nausea
        
        Muscle weakness
        
        Fatigue
        
        Diarrhea
        
        Anticoagulation
        
        Uncontrollable bleeding
    - - Hemolytic anemia
      - Fatigue
      - Lethargy
      - preterm infants are at greatest risk
        
        Consequences: low stores, increased need for growth. Since the transfer of vitamin E is normally during the last few weeks of pregnancy
      - Increased risk of cancer #
    - - Eliminate free radicals
      - Reduce platelet aggregation
      - Have successful reproduction
        
        To benefit preterm baby
        
        For growth
        
        Provided in incubator orally
        
        During last few weeks of prgnancy
      - Protect the cell membrane
        
        Of
        
        LDL (low density lipoprotein)
        
        RBC
        
        lungs
      - Maintain nerve and immune system
      - Protect DNA and other cellular components from oxidative damage
    - - readily destroyed by heat
      - when exposed to oxygen, metals or light
      - store vitamin E-rich oils in cool, dark cupboards
- - - - Pollution
      - Radiation
- - - - Protect cell membrane
        
        Cofactor of enzyme
      - Reduce free radicals [#]
      - Produce thyroid hormone
    - - Symptoms
        
        Brittle nails and hair
        
        Eventual loss
        
        Neurological damage
        
        Fatigue
        
        Irritability
        
        Vomiting
        
        Nausea
        
        1mg/day:-supplement use
    - - Keshan’s disease
        
        Cardiomyopathy
        
        Severe joint pain
      - deficiency see in areas where people primarily eat local foods and soil is depleted of Selenium
    - - Animal products
        
        Organ meats
      - Grains, fresh produce and seed grown in Se rich soils
      - Fish
      - Shellfish
      - Eggs
    - - not a concern; stable to normal food preparation processes