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Rachel Liu, Period 3 (Bonding (Covalent (Polar (Electrons unequally shared…
Rachel Liu, Period 3
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Chemical Reactions
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Characteristics
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Reaction rate influenced by temperature, particle size, concentration, etc
Electrons
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JJ Thomson, Cathode Ray
All elements must contain identically charged electrons, since cathode rays have identical properties regardless of element used
Atoms are neutral, meaning there must be positive particles to balance the negative charge of electrons
Electrons do not have much mass. Atoms must contain other particles that account for most of its mass
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Atom Structure
Nucleus
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Neutron
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Combined with number of protons, determines atomic mass
Outside of nucleus
Electrons
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If a neutral atom, number of protons and electrons is the same
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Stoichiometry
Steps
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- Convert from grams to moles using molar mass
- Determine the limiting reagant using mole ratios
- Use ratios to find the moles of the reactant or product needed
- Convert from moles back to grams of the new substance
Use molar mass, unit conversion, and mole ratios
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Used to determine how much of a substance is expected to react or be produced in a chemical reaction
Periodic Table
Trends
Atomic Radius
Increases left, increases down
Electronegativity
Increases right, increases up
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The more electronegative an element, the more polar
Ionization Energy
Increases right, increases up
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Properties and Changes
Properties
Physical
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Example: Color, temperature, density, smell, boiling point, state
Chemical
Example: Ability to rust, reaction with some chemical
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Changes
Physical
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Example: Ripping a piece of paper, mixing sugar and water
Chemical
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Example: Paper burning, cooking an egg
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Nuclear Chemistry
Radiation
Beta
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Decay
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When an atom loses a beta particle, it's:
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Gamma
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Usually accompanied by alpha or beta, not by itself
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Positron emission
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Like beta decay, but positive
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Nuclear Reactions
May involve protons, neutrons, and electrons
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