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Rachel Liu, Period 3 (Bonding (Covalent (Polar (Electrons unequally shared…

- - - - Electrons unequally shared
      - Assymetrical
    - - Electrons equally shared
      - Symmetrical
  - - - Nucleus to nucleus repulsion
      - Electron to electron repulsions
      - Nucleus to electron attractions
  - - - A- Represents central atom
      - X- Represents the single bonds formed between central atoms and outside atoms
      - E- Represents number of lone electron pairs on the central atom
- - - - Spherical shape centered around the origin of the three axes in space
    - - Three dumbbell shaped/double-lobed orbitals
    - - Double dumbbells
  - - - Electrons fill the lowest possible energy level first
    - - Any single orbital may only contain two electrons but with opposite spin
    - - Electrons will fill each equal energy orbital before pairing up
- - - - Positively charged subatomic particle
      - Determines atomic number/identity of an atom
      - Mass of about 1
    - - Neutral subatomic particle
      - Mass of about 1
      - Combined with number of protons, determines atomic mass
  - - - Orbitals
      - Form ions when lost/gained
      - If a neutral atom, number of protons and electrons is the same
- - - - Number of moles TIMES molar mass
    - - Number of grams DIVIDED by molar mass
- - - - Increases left, increases down
    - - Increases right, increases up
      - Fluorine most electronegative element
      - The more electronegative an element, the more polar
    - - Increases right, increases up
    - - Metals
        
        Increases top to bottom and right to left
      - Nonmetals
        
        Increases bottom to top and left to right
  - - - Number of protons minus number of non-valence electrons
  - - - Alkali Metals
      - 1+ Ions
    - - Alkaline Earth Metals
      - 2+ Ions
    - - Transition Metals
    - - 3+ Ions
      - Metals (Excluding Boron)
    - - 4+ or 4- Ions
    - - 3- Ions
    - - 2- Ions
    - - 1- Ions
      - Halogens
    - - Noble Gases
      - 0 Charge Ions
- - - - Property that can be identified w/o changing substance
      - Example: Color, temperature, density, smell, boiling point, state
    - - Example: Ability to rust, reaction with some chemical
      - Property that is identified by trying to cause a chemical change
  - - - Change that does not change identity of the substance
      - Example: Ripping a piece of paper, mixing sugar and water
    - - Change that does change the identity of the substance
      - Example: Paper burning, cooking an egg
      - AKA Chemical reaction
- - - - 0/-1e
      - Similar to an electron
      - Metal foil serves as shielding
      - Beta particles
      - Decay
        
        Neutron becomes proton
        
        occurs when unstable nucleus emits an electron
        
        When an atom loses a beta particle, it's:
        
        Atomic number increases by one
        
        Mass number stays the same
    - - 0/0Y
      - Usually accompanied by alpha or beta, not by itself
    - - 4/2He
      - Paper/clothing serve as shielding
      - Composition: Alpha particles (same as a helium nucleus)
      - Decay
    - - 0/1+e
      - Like beta decay, but positive
      - Proton becomes neutron
    - - ( Mass number/Atomic number ) Chemical Symbol
  - - - Isotopes of one element are changed into isotopes of another
      - Contents of the nucleus will change
      - Large amounts of energy are released