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Consequences of Revolution (1789-95) (7. The Thermidorian Reaction…
Consequences of Revolution (1789-95)
2. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Summary:
Under the new Civil Constitution (Jul 1790), the clergy were elected by the public, and were forced to swear the Clerical Oath. This prompted resentment and counter-revolution
Evidence:
'They shall swear to be faithful to the nation, the law and the king and to maintain with all their power the Constitution.' (Clerical Oath)
Historian:
'It was a serious mistake. It forced citizens to declare themselves for or against the new order." (William Doyle)
3. The Kings Attempt to Flee
Summary:
Anticipating the new Constitution, Louis tried to flee France (Jun 1791) and join the émigrés.
Evidence:
Louis wrote that he would leave France until it had a constitution that would 'respect our holy religion' and place government 'on a firm foundation'.
Historian:
'In fleeing when the Constitution was almost complete, the king greatly contributed to the destabilisation of the state and the society.' (Timothy Tackett)
4. The Rise of the San-Culottes
Summary:
After the Champ de Mars massacre, the common people of Paris (
san-culottes
) became a radical force that has great influence in 1792-94
Evidence:
'A
sans-culotte
always has his sword ready to cut off the ears of the malevolent. He can be seen leaving fo the Vendée.'
Historian:
'The
sans-culottes
made possible the Revolutionary Government (1793) and the defeat of the counter-revolution.' (Albert Soboul)
5. Rebellions and Foreign Wars
Summary:
After the King's execution (1793), France fought on five fronts in Europe and faced rebellion in the Vendée.
Evidence:
'I would rather due for God and King than be dragged to prison by criminals.' (Sapinaud)
Historian:
'The war was a major turning point that affected France for 23 years.' (Peter McPhee)
6. The Terror
Summary:
The Terror (1792-94) was a brutal method of social control that used intimidation and execution to protect that Republic from enemies within and without.
Evidence:
'Terror is only justice that is prompt, severe and inflexiable; it is thus an emanation of virtue.' (Maximilien Robespierre)
Historian:
A tightening spiral of repression, persecution, and the pursuit of ideological purity, ending with a procession of innocents to the Guillotine.' (David Andress)
7. The Thermidorian Reaction
Summary:
The Thermidorian Reaction (1794-95) marked the triumph of bourgeois moderation over radicalism, and a return to 1789 goals such as representative government and free trade.
Evidence:
'We should be ruled over by our best citizens, who are those with some property and education.' (Boissy d'Anglas on the 1795 Constitution)
Historian:
'The revolution retraced its steps, finally bringing 1789 to an end with a republic governed by reason and property and ownership.' (Françoid Furet)
1. The Introduction of Popular Sovereignty
Summary:
The new regime established a new system based on popular sovereignty, reason, uniformity, merit and decentralisation. These enduring reforms were the great achievement of the French Revolution.
Evidence:
The new government nationalised Church lands, ended seigneurialism and introduced free trade, a uniform system of weights, the election of judges and trial by jury.
Historian:
The extent of the change in public life cannot be understood except in a context of mass optimism and support.' (Peter McPhee)