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Cells (Organelles (Golgi apparatus: Stack of smooth membrane sacs close to…
Cells
Organelles
Golgi apparatus: Stack of smooth membrane sacs close to ER. Receives proteins from ER; sorts, modifies and repackages for:
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: Membrane system or sacs and tubules. Ribosomes are not present. Lipid/steroid hormone synthesis, lipid metabolism, drug detoxification.
Mitochondria: Rodlike, double membrane structures. Site of ATP synthesis. Powerhouse of cell.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum: Membrane system of sacs and tubules. Ribosomes are connected. Makes proteins and cell's membranes.
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Ribosomes: Small, dense particles that are free or attached to rough ER. Sites of protein synthesis.
Centrioles: Paired cylindrical bodies, each composed of nine triplets of microtubules. Organized networking of spindles and asters during mitosis. Form bases of cilia and flagella.
Nucleus: Surrounded by nuclear envelope. Contains nucleoplasm, nucleoli and chromatin. Control center of cell. Transmits genetic information. Provides instructions for protein synthesis.
Cytoskeletons
Microtubules: Cylindrical structures made of tubules proteins. Has lumen. Support cell and give it shape. Involved in cellular movement. From centrioles. Transport of vesicles along microtubules.
Intermediate filaments: Protein fibers. Composition varies. Fibrous and rope like. Connected to desmosomes (permanent).
Microfilaments: Smallest, finest filaments of contractile protein actin. Involved in muscle contraction/intracellular movement. Help form cell's shape. Can build up and break down.
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Nucleus
Nucleoli: Dense, spherical non-membrane bound bodies. Site of ribosome subunit manufacture.
Chromatin: Granular, threadlike material composed of DNA and histone proteins. DNA makes up our genes.
Nuclear envelope: Double membrane structure. Separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm. Regulates passage of substances to and from the nucleus
Major components
Cytoplasm: Inside the plasma membrane, but outside of the nucleus. Where most activities occur.
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Cell cycle
Mitotic phase: When replication of DNA of original cell is made into two new cells. Four phases include prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Interphase: Prepares cell for next division. G1, S, and G2 subphases.
Exocytosis
Vesicle forms within the cell, and takes substances into the extracellular space. Main mechanism of secretion.