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Bio Molecules (Proteins (Structure (Four stages (Secondary structure (The…
Bio Molecules
Proteins
Amino Acids
Structure
Center is a carbon atom called the alpha carbon with an amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogens and a variable r. The r group is a side chain that can be various elements. They are what differs the amino acids. The amino acid can polar, non polar, acidic and basic.
Peptides
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Polypeptide bonds
When the carboxyl group of one molecule is next to the amino group they form a peptide bond through dehydration synthesis. A sequence of these reactions are known as a polypeptide backbone.
Enzymes
Enzymes are proteins that are used to speed up chemical reactions with our breaking down so that they can be reused.
Made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen
Structure
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Four stages
Secondary structure
The molecule can either turn into alpha helix or beta pleated sheets. Shape is decided upon by hydrogen bonding.
Tertiary structure
Fully functional protein. Its stabilized by interactions between R groups and hydrogen bonds between them. There is clustering amongst hydrophobic groups which is when there is water on the outside and polar molecules are then on the outside of the protein and non polar are on inside. And a disulfide bridge is when two sulfides connect to each other to create a bridge.
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Quaternary structure
Multiple tertiary structure proteins put together a gigantic protein molecule. The amino acids can differ in alpha beta
Nucleic Acid
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Gene expression
Also known as the Dogma of gene expression, this process is what transcripts and translates DNA so that the body knows how to build proteins and structure that make the body work.
RNA
RNA is short for Ribonucleic acid . It forms into half of the double helix. It only takes up half of the ladder. polynucleotide strand contain monomers, ribose sugars and base pair. its uses are transcription DNA and translating.
DNA
DNA is short for Deoxyribonucleic acid. It forms in a double helix and the polynucleotide strand contain monomers, deoxyribose sugars and base pair. The base pairs are Thymine, adenine, cytosine, and guanine. DNA is the blueprints to the body and it can bet copied by RNA
Lipids
Types of lipids
Phospholipids
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Water
Are hydrophobic but the tails are hydrophilic. This causes a membrane to form known as a phospholipid bilayer. They take a large role in cells because they are the exoskeleton of the cell.
Fats
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Use
It is used for long term energy storage. Its bonds make it hard to break down so the slower they break down the longer it is energy.
Unsaturated Fats
Has one (monounsaturated) or two (polyunsaturated) double bonds. It has a bent shape. They are easier to break down. They are liquid at room temperature
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Carbohydrates
Mono-, Di-, Poly- saccharides
Disaccharides
Two monosaccharides put together to form a larger molecule. They are bonded together through glycoside linkage.
Polysaccharides
Many monosaccharides put together in a chain that link together through glycoside linkage. Used for storage, structure, and building.
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Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
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