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Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems (External Organization of Stems…
Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems
Basic types of Cells and Tissues
Parenchyma
Clorenchyma cells
involved in photosynthesis
Glandular cells
secrete nectar, fragrances, mucilage, resins and oils
Transfer cells
mediate short distance transport
Collenchyma
Provide support and structure for shoot tips
Sclerenchyma
Helps the plant maintain its shape
External Organization of Stems
Nodes
a point in which leaves are attached
internodes
places in between nodes
Leaf Axil
above the point where a leaf attaches
Axillary bud
small shoot, dormant apical meristem and young leaves
Bud scales
protects the organs inside of the bud
Terminal bud
extreme tip of each stem
phyllotaxy
arrangement of leaves on a stem
Stolons
helps form new parts of plants
Bulbs
short shoots with thick fleshy leaves
Corms
vertical thick stems with thin papery leaves
Rhizomes
fleshy horizontal stems that spread underground
Tubers
means of storing nutrients
Branch
reaches light at higher places
Internal organization of stems
Epidermis
outer surface of a plant
Cortex
Interior to the epidermis
Vascular Tissue
conducts water or minerals and distributes sugars and minerals
Xylem
contains conducting cells called tracheary element
Phloem
conducting cells called sieve element
Vascular bundles
xylem and phloem occur together
Stem Growth and Differentiation
apical meristem
region of new cell growth at the tip of stems
subapical meristem
growth of cells for the region below the stem
protoxylem
constitute the first xylem
meta xylem
largest tracheary elements of all
protophloem
mature exterior cells
metaphloem
cells closest to the metaxylem
primary tissues
tissues produced by apical meristems
protoderm
epidermal cells in early stages of differentiation
provasuclar tissues
young xylem and phloem cells
ground meristem
equivalent stages of pith and cortex
primary growth
growth and tissue formation that results from apical meristem activity
