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CELLS (ORGANELLES (Golgi Apparatus
Sorts, processes and packages the…
CELLS
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ORGANELLES
Ribosomes
Small dense particles that consist of two sub units each compressed of ribosomal RNA and protein. The site of protein synthesis. Float freely within the cytosol. Ribosomes attach to Rough Endoplasmic reticulum and make proteins that will attach to membrane or exit the cell.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Membrane system with sacs and tubules.
Ribosomes attach to the membrane when protein is being made and then detach once it is made.
Make proteins that are secreted from the cell.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Continues with the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Tubules arranged in branches.No ribosomes are attached thus no protein synthesis. However. lipid and steroid hormone synthesis occurs. As well as drug detoxification.
Golgi Apparatus
Sorts, processes and packages the proteins and membranes made by the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum. Three functions can occur.
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C. Lysosome formation, a sac filled with digestive enzymes inside the cell.
Lysosomes
Circular membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes. Breakdown large biological molecules by Intracellular digestion.
Mitochondria
Site of ATP synthesis. Enclosed by two membranes, bean like structures under microscope. Change shape as they move about cytoplasm. Generates most of the energy the cell uses
Peroxisomes
Membrane wall sacs containing oxidase and catalases. Breaks down toxic substances. Found in liver and kidney cells. Also breaks down fatty acid chains in lipid metabolism.
Cytoskeleton
"cell skeleton" Rods running throughout the cytosol. Bones, muscles and ligaments act as cells by supporting and generating various movements. There are three types of rods in the cytoskeleton.
A. Microfilaments
Strands of protein Actin can produce movement.
Located near the plasma membrane, able to change shape.
B. Intermediate Filaments
Most stable protein fibers. Strength particularity,
resisting tension forces on the cell. Connect other cells with desmosomes.
C. Microtubules
Largest diameter hollow inside tubes made of Tubulin protein. Can build up and break down,not permanent and gives support and shape to the cell.
Centrioles
Made up of Microtubules. Involved in Mitosis. Stable, do not disconnect. Form the bases of cilia and flagella.
Nucleus
Directs cells activities. Surrounded by the nuclear envelope, contains fluid nucleoplasm, nucleoli and chromatin. Transmits genetic information and instructions for protein synthesis
ENDOCYTOSIS
Large particles & macromolecules
enter cells, When taken into the cell it is enclosed with part of the plasma membrane. Proteins coat the substance and a membrane where a vesicle is formed. The vesicle detaches from the membrane and moves into the cytoplasm.
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EXOCYTOSIS
"out of cell" Substances move from the cytoplasm to the outside of the cell. Lots of mucus or hormone secretion happens here.