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Tan_Anson_Block4_MM2 (Eukaryotic (Plants (Chloroplasts (Granum (Stack=…
Tan_Anson_Block4_MM2
Eukaryotic
Protists
Cytoskeleton
Actin Filament
Functions
Maintain Cell Shape
Facilitates changes in cell shape
muscle contraction
cell motility via psueopods
cytoplasmic streaming
role in cell division( the pinching)
Structure: Two intertwined strands of actin polymers
Bidirectional polymerization in + and - directions
Protein Subunit: Actin
Diameter: 7nm(smallest)
Motor protein: Myosin
The "Alleyways" of the cytoskeleton
Intermediate Filaments
No motor protein
Protein Subunit: Keratin and Various others
10nm(Middle)
Functions
Maintains Cell Shape
anchorage of nuclear envelope
Supports Cell to Cell cohension
Forms Nuclear Lamina
Fibrous Protein that supercoils into ropelike fibers
Microtubules
Structure
Hollow Cylinders
Plus end is away from MTOC
Grow from Microtubules organizing centers
MTOC= basal body or centrosome
Undirection polymerization from - to + end
25nm(largest)
Protein Subunit: Tubulin
Motor Protein
Kinesin(Antiretrograde); postive end
Dynein(Retrograde); negative end
Functions
Cell Motility via cilia and flagella
Organelle Movement
Cell Division(Moving of chromosomes)
Maintain Cell Shape
Mitochondrion
Produces ATP through respiration
Inner membranes folds many times and creates layered structures called cristae
Made of Two Membranes
Outer Membrane covers the organelle like skin
Regulate Cellular Metabolism
Contain own DNA and Ribosomes
Cell Wall
Rigid Structure outside the plasma membrane
Protects Cell and Maintains Shape
Made from Cellulose and/or Chitin
Nucleus
Nucleus
Nuclear pores on membranes
allows RNA and needed compounds to flow in or out
Double Layer
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Nucleous
Site of Ribosome production
Chromatin
RNA
Protein
DNA
Plasma Membrane
Membrane Enclosing the Cytoplasm
Made of Phospholipid Bilayer
Ribosome
Organelles for Protein Synthesis
Fungi
Cell Wall
rigid structure outside the cytoplasm
Protects the cell and maintains its structure
Made of Chitin and/or Cellulose
Vacuoles
Filled with water and organic and/or inorganic compounds that the cell needs
Stores Lipids
Membrane Bound Structure
Plasma Membrane
Membrane enclosing the cytoplasm
Made of phospholipid bilayer
Endoplasmic Reticulum :
Accounts for half the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells
Rough ER
Secrete Specialized Proteins through bound ribosomes
Most secretory proteins are glycoproteins, proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them
EX: Pancreas and Insulin
Ribosomes bound to membrane
Smooth ER
Detox of drugs and poison
synthesis of lipids
metabolism of carbohydrates
Network of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae
Nucleus
Nuclear pores on membranes
allows RNA and needed compounds to flow in or out
Double Layer
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Nucleous
Site of Ribosome production
Chromatin
RNA
Protein
DNA
Ribosome
Organelles that Synthesis Proteins
Mitochondrion
Inner membranes folds many times and creates layered structures called cristae
Produces ATP through respiration
Made of Two Membranes
Outer Membrane covers the organelle like skin
Regulate Cellular Metabolism
Contain own DNA and Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
Actin Filament
Functions
Maintain Cell Shape
Facilitates changes in cell shape
muscle contraction
cell motility via psueopods
cytoplasmic streaming
role in cell division( the pinching)
Structure: Two intertwined strands of actin polymers
Bidirectional polymerization in + and - directions
Protein Subunit: Actin
Diameter: 7nm(smallest)
Motor protein: Myosin
The "Alleyways" of the cytoskeleton
Intermediate Filaments
No motor protein
Protein Subunit: Keratin and Various others
10nm(Middle)
Functions
Maintains Cell Shape
anchorage of nuclear envelope
Supports Cell to Cell cohension
Forms Nuclear Lamina
Fibrous Protein that supercoils into ropelike fibers
Microtubules
Structure
Hollow Cylinders
Plus end is away from MTOC
Grow from Microtubules organizing centers
MTOC= basal body or centrosome
Undirection polymerization from - to + end
25nm(largest)
Protein Subunit: Tubulin
Motor Protein
Kinesin(Antiretrograde); postive end
Dynein(Retrograde); negative end
Functions
Cell Motility via cilia and flagella
Organelle Movement
Maintain Cell Shape
Cell Division(Moving of chromosomes)
Plants
Chloroplasts
Granum
Stack= more surface area of functional unit
Stacks of Thylakoid
Thylakoid membrane is the functional unit
Sites of cellular respiration
Converts sunlight energy to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules
Sites of Photosynthesis
Contains DNA
3 membrane
thylakoid
Discs
Can communicate between discs through opening
Captures Light Energy
inner membrane
Clear to let light energy in
outer membrane
Clear to let light energy in
Stroma
Cytoplasm like fluid within inner membrane
Cell Wall
rigid structure outside the cytoplasm
Protects the cell and maintains its structure
Made of Chitin and/or Cellulose
Endomembrane System
Lysomes
Contains hydrolytic enzymes
Digestive Compartments
membranous sac
Helps digest food or old organelles
Endoplasmic Reticulum :
Accounts for half the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells
Rough ER
Secrete Specialized Proteins through bound ribosomes
Most secretory proteins are glycoproteins, proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them
EX: Pancreas and Insulin
Ribosomes bound to membrane
Smooth ER
Detox of drugs and poison
synthesis of lipids
metabolism of carbohydrates
Network of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae
Vacuoles
Helps carry things around cell/storage
Membranous Sac
Golgi Apparatus
Cis Face
Vesicles from ER bind to this part
Protein is released into golgi
Medial and Trans Cisternae
Modification gives signal that determine its final destination
Proteins bind with modifying enzymes
Proteins are modified
Modification happens in a certain area
Trans Face/Trans golgi network
Vesicles then travels to determined location/destination
Proteins separate into groups with similar modifications
Formed into a vesicle that breaks off golgi
Golgi moves in waves(Cis Maturation Model)
Mitochondrion
Produces ATP through respiration
Inner membranes folds many times and creates layered structures called cristae
Made of Two Membranes
Outer Membrane covers the organelle like skin
Regulate Cellular Metabolism
Contains Own DNA and Ribosome
Nucleus
Nucleus
Nuclear pores on membranes
allows RNA and needed compounds to flow in or out
Double Layer
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Nucleous
Site of Ribosome production
Chromatin
RNA
Protein
DNA
Tonoplasts
Membrane Enclosing the central Vacuole
Cytoskeleton
Actin Filament
Functions
Maintain Cell Shape
Facilitates changes in cell shape
muscle contraction
cell motility via psueopods
cytoplasmic streaming
role in cell division( the pinching)
Structure: Two intertwined strands of actin polymers
Bidirectional polymerization in + and - directions
Protein Subunit: Actin
Diameter: 7nm(smallest)
Motor protein: Myosin
The "Alleyways" of the cytoskeleton
Intermediate Filaments
No motor protein
Protein Subunit: Keratin and Various others
10nm(Middle)
Functions
Maintains Cell Shape
anchorage of nuclear envelope
Supports Cell to Cell cohension
Forms Nuclear Lamina
Fibrous Protein that supercoils into ropelike fibers
Microtubules
Structure
Hollow Cylinders
Plus end is away from MTOC
Grow from Microtubules organizing centers
MTOC= basal body or centrosome
Undirection polymerization from - to + end
25nm(largest)
Protein Subunit: Tubulin
Motor Protein
Kinesin(Antiretrograde); postive end
Dynein(Retrograde); negative end
Functions
Cell Motility via cilia and flagella
Organelle Movement
Cell Division(Moving of chromosomes)
Maintain Cell Shape
Plasma Membrane
Membrane enclosing the cytoplasm
Made of phospholipid bilayer
Vacuoles
Filled with water and organic and/or inorganic compounds that the cell needs
Stores Lipids
Membrane Bound Structure
Animals
Endomembrane System
Lysomes
Contains hydrolytic enzymes
Digestive Compartments
membranous sac
Helps digest food or old organelles
Endoplasmic Reticulum :
Accounts for half the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells
Rough ER
Secrete Specialized Proteins through bound ribosomes
Most secretory proteins are glycoproteins, proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them
EX: Pancreas and Insulin
Ribosomes bound to membrane
Smooth ER
Detox of drugs and poison
synthesis of lipids
metabolism of carbohydrates
Network of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae
Vacuoles
Helps carry things around cell/storage
Membranous Sac
Golgi Apparatus
Cis Face
Vesicles from ER bind to this part
Protein is released into golgi
Medial and Trans Cisternae
Modification gives signal that determine its final destination
Proteins bind with modifying enzymes
Proteins are modified
Modification happens in a certain area
Trans Face/Trans golgi network
Vesicles then travels to determined location/destination
Proteins separate into groups with similar modifications
Formed into a vesicle that breaks off golgi
Golgi moves in waves(Cis Maturation Model)
Mitochondrion
Produces ATP through respiration
Inner membranes folds many times and creates layered structures called cristae
Made of Two Membranes
Outer Membrane covers the organelle like skin
Regulate Cellular Metabolism
Cilia
composed of membrane enclosed microtubules
9+0 arrangement
9 microtubules triplets
Dynein motor proteins present
locomotion organelle
present in some cells
Plasma Membrane
Membrane enclosing the cytoplasm
Made of phospholipid bilayer
Nucleus
Nucleus
Nuclear pores on membranes
allows RNA and needed compounds to flow in or out
Double Layer
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Nucleous
Site of Ribosome production
Chromatin
RNA
Protein
DNA
Cytoskeleton
Actin Filament
Functions
muscle contraction
Maintain Cell Shape
Facilitates changes in cell shape
cell motility via psueopods
cytoplasmic streaming
role in cell division( the pinching)
Structure: Two intertwined strands of actin polymers
Bidirectional polymerization in + and - directions
Protein Subunit: Actin
Diameter: 7nm(smallest)
Motor protein: Myosin
The "Alleyways" of the cytoskeleton
Intermediate Filaments
No motor protein
Protein Subunit: Keratin and Various others
10nm(Middle)
Functions
Maintains Cell Shape
anchorage of nuclear envelope
Supports Cell to Cell cohension
Forms Nuclear Lamina
Fibrous Protein that supercoils into ropelike fibers
Microtubules
Structure
Hollow Cylinders
Plus end is away from MTOC
Grow from Microtubules organizing centers
MTOC= basal body or centrosome
Undirection polymerization from - to + end
25nm(largest)
Protein Subunit: Tubulin
Motor Protein
Kinesin(Antiretrograde); postive end
Dynein(Retrograde); negative end
Functions
Cell Motility via cilia and flagella
Organelle Movement
Cell Division(Moving of chromosomes)
Maintain Cell Shape
Flagellum
composed of membrane enclosed microtubules
9+2 arrangement
9 microtubules doublets
2 microtubules singlets
Dynein motor proteins present
locomotion organelle
present in some animal cells
Prokaryotic
Archaea
Nucleoid
Region where the cell's DNA is located
Consists of Chromosomes
Centrosome
Two sister chromatids
Not enclosed by a membrane
Pili
Attachment Structures on the surface of some prokaryotes
Composed of Proteins
Ribosomes
Organelles that synthesizes protein
Plasma Membrane
Membrane enclosing the cytoplasm
Made of phospholipid bilayer
Cell Wall
Rigid structure outside the plasma membrane
Made of Cellulose and/or Chitin
Capsule
Jelly like outer capsule
Not all prokaryotic cells have capsule
Polysacchride Layer
Bacteria
nucleiod
Region where the cell's DNA is located
Consists of Chromosomes
Centrosome
Two sister chromatids
Not enclosed by a membrane
pili
Attachment Structures on the surface of some prokaryotes
Composed of Proteins
ribosomes
Organelles that synthesize proteins
plasma membrane
Made of phospholipid Bilayer
Membrane enclosing the cytoplasm
Cell Wall
Made of cellulose and/or chitin
Rigid structure outside the plasma membrane
Capsule
Jelly like outer capsule
Polysacchride Layer
Not all prokaryotic cells have capsule
Flagella
Locomotion organelles of some bacteria
Axonomal Dyenin important to flagella
A cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of a living organsim