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Stem Tissues and Growth (Stem External Organization (Nutrient Storage…
Stem Tissues and Growth
Cell and Tissue Basic Types
Parenchyma
Primary Walls
Thin
Parenchyma Tissue
Parenchyma Cell Mass
Most Common Type
Soft Parts
Leaves
Petals
Fruits
Seeds
Chlorenchyma
Photosynthesis
Lots of Chloroplasts
Glandular Cells
Secretions
Nectar
Fragrances
Mucilages
Resins
Oils
Lots of Dictyosomes and ER
Transport/Transform/ Products Out
Transfer Cells
Short Distance Transport
Large Plasma Membrane
Large-Scale Molecular Pumping
Increase Surface Area
Some Die at Maturity
Creates Space for Gas Exchange
Phloem
Parenchyma Tissue
Nutrients Over Long Distances
Inexpensive to Create
Collenchyma
Primary Cell Wall
Thin in Some Areas
Thickened at Corners
Plasticity
Deformed by Pressure or Tension
Retain Shape
Elongated Shoot Tips
Must Be Short
Able to Stretch
Provides Support
Works With Turgid Parenchyma
Expensive to Make
Requires More Glucose
Sclerenchyma
Primary/Secondary Cell Wall
Elastic
Deforming Forces
Determine Formation of Cells
Wind
Animals
Snow
Powerful Water Absorption
Allows Growth
Conducting Sclerenchyma
Mechanical Sclerenchyma
Long Fibers
Flexible and Long
Flowering Plant Wood
Short Sclereids
Cuboidal
Brittle and Inflexible
Masses
Walnut Shells
Coconut Shells
Cherry and Peach Pits
Stem External Organization
Stem
Axis
Shoot
Stem
Leaves
Flowers
Buds
Nodes
Where Leaves Attach
Internodes
Space Between Nodes
Can Be Long
Vines
Can Be Very Short
Cabbage
Wide, Intermediate, or Narrow
Leaf Axil
Stem Area Just Above Leaf Attachement
Axillary Bud
Mini Shoot
Dormant Apical Meristem
Several Young Leaves
Bud Scales
Protects Delicate Organs
Terminal Bud
Extreme Tip of Stem
Phyllotaxy
Arrangement of Leaves
One Leaf
Alternate Phyllotaxy
Two Leaves
Opposite Phyllotaxy
Three or More Leaves
Whorled
Stolons
Runners
Long Internodes
Leaves Don't Expand
Hardly Uses Nutrient Reserves
Extends Greatly
Nutrient Storage
Bulbs
Short Shoots
Thick, Fleshy Leaves
Corms
Vertical, Thick Stems
Thin, Papery Leaves
Rhizomes
Fleshy, Horizontal Stems
Allows Plants to Spread Underground
Tubers
Horizontal
Short Growth Period
All Grow Underground
Hidden from Herbivores
Perennial Plants
Dormancy Period
Requires Storage Capacities
Trunk
Vertical Main Shoot
Growth to Brighter Light
Internal Organization
Epidermis
Outermost Surface
Single Layer of Parenchyma Cells
Interchange with Environment
Prevent Loss of Water
Shielding of Internal Cells
Guard Cells
Stomatal Pores
Make up a Stoma
Allows Carbon Dioxide to Enter
Allows Water Vapor to Escape
Cutin
Fatty Substance
Impermeable to Water
Cuticle
Pure Layer
Trichosomes
"Hairs"
Makes Difficult for Animals to Land On
Blocks Some Incoming Sunlight
Many Different Sizes and Shapes
Many Unicellular
Some Multicellular
Die Shortly after Maturity
Cortex
Interior to Epidermis
Can be Simple or Complex
Cells fit Compactly in Most Plants
Fleshy Stems
Aerenchyma
Open Tissue
Large Intercellular Space
Angiosperms
Large Cortical Air Chambers
Provide Buoyancy
Vascular Tissues
Xylem
Conducting Cells
Vessel Elements
Moves Water with Less Friction
Vessel
Stacks of Vessel Elements
Absorbs Water from Parenchyma Cells
Has Perforations
Tracheids
Pass Water Up
Uses Lots of Friction
Tracheary Element
Refers to Either Cell Type
Annular Thickenings
Secondary Wall as Set of Rings
Interior Face of Primary Wall
Large Surface Area for Water Movement
Not Much Strength
Wet Soil Plants
Helical Thickening
Secondary Wall as 1-3 Helices
Wet Soil Plants
Scalariform Thickening
Provides Strength
Secondary Wall Underlies Most Primary Wall
Drier Soil Plants
Reticulate Thickening
Secondary Wall is Net Shaped
Drier Soil Plants
Circular Borded Pit
Strongest Tracheary Element
Secondary Wall Underlies All Primary Wall
Drier Soil Plants
Phloem
Sieve Cells
Albuminous Cells
Sieve Tube Members
Controlled by Companion Cells
Sieve Element
Refers to Either Cell
Parenchyma Cells
Only Primary Walls
Must Remain Alive
Sieve Pores
Plasmodesmata Opening
Sieve Areas
Cluster of Sieve Pores
Adjacent Sieve Pores Must Align
Nuclei Degenerate
Cells Still Alive
Vascular Bundles
Combined Xylem and Phloem
Interior to the Cortex
Surround the Pith
Region of Parenchyma
Similar to Cortex
Collateral
Xylem and Phloem Run Parallel
Primary Xylem
Part of Primary Plant Body
Cells are Larger than Phloem
Primary Phloem
Part of Primary Plant Body
Stem Growth and Differentiation
Apical Meristems
Region at Tip of Cell
Subapical Meristem
Visible Differentiation
Cells Divide
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
Protoxylem
First Xylem to Appear
Annular or Helical Secondary Walls
Metaxylem
Cells with Longest Growth Time
Largest Tracheary Element
Any Secondary Wall Type
Protophloem
Exterior Mature Cells
Short-lived Cell Life
Metaphloem
Cells Closest to Metaxylem
Large Sieve Areas
Much Smaller Cells
Protoderm
Epidermal Cells
Early Differentiation Stage
Provascular Tissues
Young Xylem and Phloem Cells
Ground Meristem
Young Pith and Cortex Cells
