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English, accent and dialect studies (John Honey (Summary (children should…

- - - - Study in 1962 at department stores (Saks, Macy’s and Klein) in New York.
      - Asked the same question in each department store to test the pronunciation of the /r/ phoneme. The subjects were made to say ‘fourth floor’ twice.
      - Labov’s hypothesis: Salespeople in the highest ranked stores will stress /r/ the most, those in the middle ranked store will have an intermediate value, and those in the lowest ranked store will have the least.
      - People’s pronunciation tends to move closer to higher class speech styles in formal situations, and closer to lower class styles when situations are more relaxed.
      - Individual variation turns out to be a reflection of the speech differences that emerge when you survey the class groups in society as a whole.
      - Labov concluded that Individuals internalise class hierarchy and act it out, often unconsciously, in ordinary life.
      - The assistants in Saks were more likely to stress the /r/ phoneme, especially when asked to repeat the instruction. This suggests that their ‘crafted’ response was unnatural, and in line with society’s expectations, due to them working in the highest class of store.
  - - - https://web.stanford.edu/~eckert/PDF/LabovVineyard.pdf
      - https://prezi.com/jwcq0jz0b3zr/labovs-marthas-vineyard-study-1963/
- - - - In all social classes, the more careful the speech, the more likely people were to say walking rather than walkin'.
      - The proportion of walkin' type forms was higher in lower social classes.
      - The nonstandard -in' forms occurred much more often in men's speech than in women's, and this was true for all social classes.
      - When women were questioned about what they thought they were saying, they tended to say they used the standard -ing forms more often than they really did.
      - When men were questioned about what they thought they were saying, they tended to say they used the nonstandard -in' forms more often than they really did.
    - - Trudgill found that women are more likely to use overt prestige (a move towards RP – publicly acknowledged) and men are more likely to use covert prestige (a move towards their regional accent – only recognised in certain social groups).
      - He also found that variation across speech styles parallels variation across social class.
      - In the “lower middle class” and the “upper working class” the differences were greatest in formal speech, thereby identifying these classes as most susceptible to the prestige of the RP form, with women leading the way on this front.
- - - - https://prezi.com/kv8vm7smlzjb/communication-accommodation-theory-of-howard-giles/
      - https://www.slideshare.net/jkmurton/accommodation-theory