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Skeletal System/ Tissues, Joints, and Skeletal Muscle (Skeletal System…

- - - - Osteocytes and extracellular matrix (35% of bone)
      - Minerals (gives charateristic hardness (65% of bone)
    - - Joint (where 2 bones meet)
    - - Outer ear, epiglottis
    - - Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci of knees
    - - Trachea, larynx, costal cartilage, articular cartilage
  - - - Bones longer than they are wide
    - - Bones in a cubic shape, like talus
    - - They're flat, like the sternum
    - - They odd ones, like vertebrae
  - - - Location: Outer part of every bone
      - Composition: Osteons packed together
      - Has perforating channels, canals that allow blood vessels to pass and spread nutrients and energy deeper into bone
    - - Composition: No osteons, made of trabeculae, has osteocytes and extracellular matrix
      - Location: On the ends of long bones and inside every other bone
      - Red bone marrow in spongy bone
      - Trabeculae cover the endosteum
  - - - Produces fat, cartilage and bone. Serves for nutrient storage
    - - Gelatinous material, the site of blood cell formation. in the vertebrae, hips, sternum, ribs, and many skull bones
      - At birth bone cavities only contain red bone marrow, no yellow
- - - - Can create force or tension while pulling on an attachment point
    - - Responds to stimuli to create an electrical impulse
    - - Can stretch, to some extent, without damage
    - - Can recoil to original form after extension or flexion
  - - - Endo (inside) Mysium (muscle), within the muscle, wraps up/ sheaths each myocyte. Mostly reticular connective tissue (loose tissue). Contain blood vessels to supply nutrients to muscles.
    - - A layer of dense irregular connective tissue sheathing each fasicle (a bundle of myocytes)
    - - Epi (upon) mysium (muscle), a layer of dense irregular connective tissue sheathing an entire muscle organ.
    - - A layer of dense irregular connective tissue sheathing a group of muscle organs together, like the hamstring.
  - - - little fibers within striated muscle cells (its an organelle)
    - - Transverse tubule: An invagination of the sarcolemma into the myocyte. Electric currents run across the sarcolemma, T Tubules bring the sarcolemma into the cell to carry the current into the cell to excite it
    - - The plasma membrane of muscles
    - - Made of smooth endoplasmic reticulum
      - At its "terminal cisterns) (the sarcoplasmic reticulum around the T tubules) it stores calcium
- - - - Interconnecting fibers. Sutures are only in the skull. No movement.
    - - Bundles of dense regular connective tissue, like the distal tibiofibular joint. Not much movement
    - - Fibrous joint binding teeth to the Alveolus (bony tooth socket)
  - - - Made from Hyalin cartilage, immovable. Epiphyseal plates and between the 1st rib and manubrium
    - - Pubilc symphysis and in intervertebral joints, slight movement. made of a little hyaline cartilage "sandwiching" fibrocartilage.
  - - - Plane Joint
        
        Gliding movement (intercarpal, intertarsal, vertebrae)
      - Hinge Joint
        
        Flexion or extension movement (Such as the elbow)
      - Condylar Joint
        
        Abduction (away) or Adduction (together) movement, like spreading fingers apart and back together.
      - Pivot Joint
        
        pivoting movement, such as the atlantoaxial joint or the head or the radius
      - Saddle Joint
        
        One part of the joint act as the "saddle" and the other the "rider", like the carpal-metacarpal joint of the thumb. Allows flexion, extentsion, adduction, abduction, and circumduction. No axial rotation.
      - Ball & Socket Joint
        
        Lateral & medial rotation, flexion, extension, adduction, abduction. Such as the shoulder or hip
    - - Joint Capsule
        
        Outer Layer
        
        Dense irregular connective tissue running continuously along the periosteum
        
        Synovial Membrane
        
        Inner layer of areolar connective tissue
      - Articular Cartilage
        
        Cartilage at the ends of bones in a joint to reduce friction
      - Synovial Fluid
        
        Slippery fluid made by the synovial membrane. Acts as a lubricant, to reduce shock, and to nourish articular cartilage
      - Bursae
        
        Fibrous (dense irregular connective tissue) sacs filled with synovial fluid. Reside outside the joint and act similar to ball bearings
        
        Tendon Sheath
        
        A specialized bursa that wraps around tendons in malls spaces (like wrists and ankles)