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Ex. 1.1 Psychology 12: Authors (Otto Rank (Work: Otto focused his work in…
Ex. 1.1 Psychology 12: Authors
Anna Freud
Work: Studied defensiveness in people to protect themselves from overwhelm and outside threats. Worked on Child Psychoanalysis for children who survived wars and concentration camps as well as normal child development
Sigmund Freud
Work: Developed a theory on sexual development being the main source of development of the human psyche and body. He had a theory in personality. He explains that it is divided into Id. Ego, and Superego Sigmund invented the reasons for neurosis
Alfred Adler
Work: Alfred's theories included: The need to belong and be encouraged and how this affects children in how they behave. He focuses a lot on how an individual copes with life and how their lives are changed by their beliefs and childhood environment. Carl Jung and Alfred Adler both did similar work in theories of personality
Carl G. Jung
Work: Developed a theory on trans-personal and personal unconscious. His theories conflicted with that of Sigmund and this caused them to go separate ways. Carl believed that we are not just here for a sexual purpose (as Sigmund seemed to believe) but that this was just a small portion of a much more complex system. He thought that the libido was not exclusively sexual energy but a general energy that was stored in it. I found his theory about trans-personal unconscious very interesting and I will have to look into it more.
Erik Erikson
Work: Psychosocial development was his main interest. His theory explained how people develop and where important mile-stones need to be reached or problems occur later on in development. In my opinion Erik Erikson had a similar approach to Sigmund Freud, in that they both went had theories on how developmental stages affect a person over their lifetime. Although Erik was more interested in the social portions of development and Sigmund was more on the biological development.
Otto Rank
Work: Otto focused his work in many different faucets but one of his theories was on the trauma of birth and he was the pioneer of the study of attachment especially between mother and child, and how the attachment was important in the development of the child. Because he thought that if a child gets separation anxiety or similar the child is susceptible to Neurosis and other development problems.
Otto Rank had been a colleague of Sigmund Freud but his new theories were not accepted. I believe that Otto Rank had his theories in a similar direction to Anna Freud with going directly to the root of a lot of behavioral problems: Childhood and birth.
Erich Fromm
Work: Studied the human need to relate and be connected in some way to others. because we are so disconnected from the earth and our animalistic ways. He also disagreed with Sigmund Freud that the libido was our main motivation in life and that we are much more complex than that. He was one of the first to introduce Humanistic Psychoanalysis. Alfred Adler, Jacques Lacan and Erich Fromm had similar views about the need to be connected and relate to others.
Jacques Lacan
Work: Studied the realization of self. Like when a child sees its self in a mirror and recognizes itself for the first time. He compared this to how we try to connect with others and made the conclusion that none of us will ever be completely understood as outside appearances and our own difficulty at putting our self into words makes it so that we are only understood fully by ourselves. This was an interesting theory to me. I'd be interested in learning more about it. It sounds quite bleak and sad but at the same time it is interesting to me as I have been noticing this in the world and could not make sense of why people cannot understand others in the same way we understand ourselves Most of his other theories were building off of Sigmund Freud for whom he had a great admiration for.
Sandor Ferenczi
Work: he studied how society affects us and how it can contribute to psychopathology. He also had a theory on mutual unconscious influence, such as that between a married couple or a parent and child. He went on to develop this theory into something further. He thought that this unconscious realm also held memories and trauma from a person's ancestors. This I find very fascinating and would like to read more about.
Wilheim Reich
Work: He developed a theory that was very similar in my opinion to Sigmund Freud. He believed that orgone energy was the meaning of life and why we live. He talks about segmental armouring: which if I understand right is where physical manifestations of our orgone energy get suppressed and show up as stiffness in the body and in our character. He worked very hard at developing a therapy to release the segmental armouring in the body and restoring the potent orgone energy that has been repressed.
Herbert Marcuse
Work: It was difficult to find a clear explanation of the work of Herbert Marcuse. He developed the Critical Theory. He believed that the human condition is a symptom of material conditions and if we abolish that and if we change the way our culture runs we can exist on a whole other level than where we are today. Which I think means he sought to improve how we function and how to fix the problems we as humans have. I think that his work is similar to that of Jacques Lacan because they both had a somewhat bleak view of how we function today and why. The difference with Herbert is that he is looking for solutions while Jacques is simply trying to understand.
