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Cells Three major components: 1. Nucleus 2. Cytoplasm …
Cells
Three major components:
1. Nucleus 2. Cytoplasm 3. Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Located between the cell membrane and the nucleus
Composes the cell body structure
Organelles located here
Nucleus
Also an organelle
Surrounded by nuclear envelope
Double membrane
Control movement in and out of cell
Separate nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm
Control center of the cell
Largest organelle in the cell
Nucleoli
Dense spherical bodies
Site of ribosome subunit manufacture
Chromatin
Granular, thread like material composed of DNA
Plasma Membrane
Composed of phospholipid bilayer of proteins and carbohydrates
Allows transport of substances in and out of the cell
Protects the cell
Organelles
Found in cytoplasm
Lysosomes
Contains enzymes
Site of intracellular digestion
Golgi Apparatus
Smooth membrane sacs
Close to ER
Packages, modifies and segregates proteins for secretion
Mitochondria
Rodlike double membrane structure
Inner membrane folded into christae
Site of ATP synthesis
Powerhouse of the cell
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Sacs and tubules
Free of ribsosomes
Site of lipid and steroid hormone synthesis
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Sacs and tubules
Make proteins that are excreted
Makes the cell membranes
Ribosomes
Protein synthesis
Composed of rbosomal RNA and protein
Free or attached to rough ER
Peroxisomes
Sacs of oxidase enzymes
Detoxify many substances
Abundant in liver
Centrioles
Form the basis of cilia and flagella
Paired cylindrical bodies; 9 triplets of microtubules
Involved in separation of chromosomes
Microfilaments
Muscle contraction
Contractile protein actin
Help form cell's cytoskeleton
Intermediate filaments
Protein fibers
Stable cytoskeletal elements
Resist tension forces acting on the cell
Microtubules
Cylindrical; made of tubulin proteins
Give cell shape
Form centrioles
Involve intracellular and cellular movement
Endocytosis
Cell engulfs extracellular material through folding of plasma membrane
Receptor-mediated cytosis
Selective
Requires a protein
Phagocytosis
"Cell eating"
Engulfs dying cells and creates reusable cells
Pinocytosis
"cell drinking"
Non-selective
Exocytosis
Cell releases large amounts of material
Nothing but what is in the vesicle escapes
Membrane Transport
Requires plasma membrane
Simple diffusion
Movement down a concentration gradient
Requires no cellular energy
Facilitated diffusion
Movement down a concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached
Requires a protein
Requires cellular energy
Active transport
Movement against a concentration gradient
Requires cellular energy
Requires a protein
Osmosis
The diffusion of water molecules across a membrane