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PP6: Cofactors and Coenzymes (Coenzymes: derived from organic compounds,…
PP6: Cofactors and Coenzymes
Coenzymes: derived from organic compounds, usually vitamins
Water-Soluble Vitamins; not stored efficiently in tissues, need to be constantly replenished
Riboflavin aka Vitamin B2
Active form is FAD or FMN, coenzymes in many rxns; FAD important to ETC
Niacin aka Nicotinic Acid
Can be taken in through the diet or synthesized from Tryptophan
Active form is NAD, NADP
NAD involved in catabolic rxns
NADP involved in anabolic rxns
Enzymes have very strong preference for one over the other even though their structure only differs by one phosphate group
Thiamin aka Vitamin B1
Active form is TPP; coenzyme in PDH rxn, transketolase rxn in the PPP, and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase rxn in the TCA cycle
Fat-Soluble Vitamins; stored well in tissues, danger of toxicity if the body cannot excrete them
ATP is a crucial coenzyme because of its highly reactive triphosphate group; the terminal P can be transferred to S, generating a highly unstable intermediate, favoring generation of the products
Cofactors: inorganic molecules
Usually metal ions; enzymes that utilize metal ions as cofactors are metalloenzymes
Metal ions form a bridge involved in substrate-binding
Stabilize the structure of the enzyme
Metal ion as the reactive group