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Islamic History (Empires of Islam (Umayyads (Muslim Spain (Abd al-Rahman…

- - - - Osman took over many Byzantine cities
        
        Fueled their expansion
        
        Fueled expansion into the Balkans
        
        Southeastern Europe
      - Constantinople (Istanbul) became place of government
    - - Captured Syria, Palestine, and Egypt from other Muslims
    - - The greatest of them (Suleyman the Magnificent)
        
        Led a powerful navy
        
        Large Army
        
        Had guns and canons
        
        Conquered vast portions of,
        
        Northern Africa
        
        Eastern Europe
        
        Bad Weather was only stopped him
        
        Was a military tyrant
        
        Goldsmith
        
        Patron of arts
        
        Poet
      - Ruled at height of Ottoman Empire (1520 to 1566)
  - - - Caliphs isolated fro people
    - - Took control of goverment
    - - Killed Caliph
      - Ended Abbasid reign
  - - - Father to Son
    - - Easy to conquer Lands
    - - One prince was able to escape and made Muslim Spain into power
    - - Hunted down/killed by Abbasids
      - Abbasids took Power
    - - 756 to 1031 (about 275 years)
      - Muslims first conquered Spain 711
      - Came the Umayyads control in 750
        
        Umayyad Prince Abd al-Rahman
        
        Fled to Spain 755
        
        Founded Umayyad Dynasty: 756
        
        Flourished under dynasty
        
        Developed thriving economy
        
        City of Córdoba
        
        Made Independent State
        
        al-Andalus
        
        Refused Abbasid authority
      - Abd al-Rahman III
        
        Reached it's peak
        
        Rise to power in 912
        
        Proclaimed himself caliph 929
        
        Competing with Abbasids
        
        Preserved Umayyad power
        
        Muslim Spain united by 933
        
        Arab leaders challenged authority
        
        Fought the rebels
        
        Transformed Córdoba into one of the best cities in the world
        
        Built lavish palaces
        
        961
        
        Death
        
        Civil War
        
        Extended Great Mosque
      - Córdoba
        
        Center of learning
        
        Library holds 400,000 books
        
        Religions in Córdoba
        
        Muslims
        
        Christians
        
        Jews
        
        Advances
        
        Medicine
        
        Philosopy
        
        The Arts
        
        Science
  - - - What they built
        
        Bridges
        
        Roads
        
        Hospitals
        
        Schools
      - Capital
        
        Upgraded alot
        
        270 Public Baths
        
        160 Mosques
    - - A Shi'ite dynasty
    - - Rose to power in 1501
      - Called the Persian name for king, Shah
      - Untied Persians Kingdoms
      - Invaded Ottoman Empire to expand
  - - - Safavid were in middle
      - Ottoman in West
    - - 1556: AT 13 came to throne and led India
      - Led Muslim India into Golden Age
      - Allowed different religions
      - Grandson, Shah Jahan
        
        Ruled under Mughal's peak
        
        Ruled Mughal 1628-1658
        
        Collected thousands of precious jewels
        
        Exported Indian art to Europe
        
        Constructed Taj Mahal
      - Library had books in English, Greek, Persian, Hindi, and Arabic
      - Doubled Babur's conquests
        
        Loyal governing class
        
        Modern Goverment
    - - Set foundation for Mughal Empire
      - Conquered North / Central India 1526 :
  - - - Ended 800 years of Muslim Western Rule
    - - Northern Spain
- - - - Most decorations were calligraphy
    - - Design of patterns
      - Leaves
      - Vines
      - Geometric Shapes
      - Flowers
  - - - Wrote influential books about medicine
      - Studies about Aristotle and Plato
      - Tried to harmonize ideas of Aristotle and Plato with Islam
    - - Made 30-volume medical encyclopedia
        
        Was used in the medieval times and today
      - Made around 1000
      - Arab Muslim physician
      - Used encyclopedia during Medieval times
  - - - Stories from India, Persia, and Arabia
      - Aladdin
      - Sinbad the Sailor
    - - Made By Omar Khayyám
        
        Persian Poet
        
        (1048-1131)
  - - - Topped with Minarets (Tall Towers)
      - The Great Mosque
        
        Can hold over 50,000
        
        Famous for beautiful arches
      - Shah Mosque
        
        Built by Safavids
        
        Masterpiece of Persian Architecture
        
        Covered with colorful tiles
        
        Built in Esfahan, Iran
    - - Built in 1600s
      - Made by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan
- - - - Muhammad
        
        Prophet
        
        Had religious instrests
        
        Born 750 CE
        
        Was born into a ruling tribe
        
        Gained a reputation
        
        Kindness
        
        Honesty
        
        Intelligence
        
        Married wealthy widow/merchant named Khadijah
        
        Went to a cave out of Mecca to pray
        
        Established community called Umma
        
        Loyal to Umma
    - - 613 Muhammad : one god
        
        622 Muhammad fled Yathrib ( Medina)
  - - - Faith
        
        One God (Allah)
        
        Abraham stopped at Mecca
        
        Built a shrine called Ka’aba
        
        Shrine for one god
        
        Represent many gods anyway
        
        Prophet Muhammad
      - Pilgrimage
        
        Go to Mecca once in Life
        
        Perform Hajj
      - Fasting
        
        Ramadan
        
        Dawn till Sunset
        
        No Food/Drink
      - Prayer
        
        5 Times Daily
        
        Pray towards Mecca
      - Alms
        
        Donate to Needy
        
        Give 1 portion of one's wealth
- - - - Oases: Reliable source of water
        
        Arabia became important crosswords
        
        Africa
        
        Europe
        
        From Asia
      - Trading place for polytheistic Arabs
        
        Merchants carried
        
        Silks
        
        Spices
        
        Metals
        
        Other products
      - Oases
        
        Grew into rich market towns
        
        Then into cities
    - - Important site
  - - - Dry
      - Flat land
    - - Gets about 3-5 in. per year
  - - - Goats
      - Moved to grazing land
        
        To water sources
      - Cattle
      - Sheep
    - - Bedouin organized into tribes based on clans
        
        Or if they shared a common ancestor
      - Each tribe formed an extended family
        
        Members fiercely loyal
      - Tribe members owned land and most property together
      - Each tribe had an elected leader called a Sheikh
      - Tribes also fought o another to gain control of land
      - They became strong and skilled warriors
      - Skilled Warriors