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AP Chem Akash Ponna Period 5 (Solutions: Homogenous Mixtures…

- - - - make sure it is calculated to one mol
- - - - use to calculate rate constant and units
        
        can be used to relate equilibrium with kinetics through the rate constant
    - - half life can be calculated from this
        
        zero (a)/2k, first ln2/k, second 1/(a)k
  - - - catalysts provide alternate pathways
      - can be found as slope (-Ea/R) of 1/T vs k
        
        R=8.314
- - - - Kp is of partial pressures bc concentration is proportional to partial pressure, always in atm, -Kp = Kc when change in n = 0
        
        not 1 at equilibrium but Kc is 1 at equilibrium
- - - - exo but some r endo - alkali earth and noble gases bc they dont want another electron
    - - exceptions: chormium, copper
- - - - pi bonds are weaker than sigma bonds
- - - - corrected :
- - - - non metal + metal
    - - molecules in the same row as carbon (Si is common)
    - - metals bonded to metals
    - - in any molecule where hydrogen is bonded to OFN
      - makes for a solubule molecules
    - - in any polar covalent molecule permanent dipole
    - - in any molecule means temp dipole
  - - - low freezing temp
      - high boiling temp
      - ionic have higher concentration bc can break in solutions to ions
    - - low electrical conductivity
      - high vapor pressure
      - alcohols (ending with OH) have low conentration
    - - more electrons = more imf bc more london dispersion forces proportional to electrons
      - smaller bonds = more imf bc stronger attraction (ionic bonds based on lattice energy and atomic radius being smaller)
  - - - weaker attraction = higher vapor pressure bc more molecules will be vapor
  - - - sublimate/depose
    - - evaporate/condense
      - melt/freeze
- - - - PPB= (amount solute/ amount solution) 10^9
  - - - endothermic solute-solute breaking and solvent-solvent stretching takes less energy than the exothermic solute-solvent bonding
    - - endothermic solute-solute breaking and solvent-solvent stretching takes more energy than the exothermic solute-solvent bonding
  - - - gas needs to be close together to be more soluble
      - proportional to partial pressure of a gas
  - - - solute-solvent attractions weak bc they are dissimilar
      - draw curve above solution line
    - - solute-solvent attractions strong bc they are similar
      - large neg change in h
      - draw curve under solution line
- - - - get positive ion from salt bridge
  - - - get positive ion from salt bridge
  - - - connected to a battery to work