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Chapter 4 (Division Phase of the Cell cycle (Anaphase (begins after…

- - - - no distinct boundary between prophase and metaphase
      - chromosomes gradually become more visable and move to metaphase plate
      - enzyme separate digests cohesin
  - - - more common type of karyokinesis
        
        each daughter nucleus is basically a duplicate of the other
    - - chromosomes condense
        
        nucleus becomes less distinct and usually completely disappears by the end of this phase
      - protein frame work develops to which DNA binds
      - Daughter cells migrate to opposite poles
  - - - complete nuclear envelopes form
      - last stage
- - - - algae: coenocytes
        
        nuclei identical to animals
        
        cytokinesis
        
        plasma membrane pinches in two
        
        phycoplast
        
        in Green algae, nuclear envelop doesn't break down
- - - - after round two there are two body cells
        
        then etc etc round three round four etc
- - - - Three phases within interphase: G1, S, G2
        
        S Phase
        
        the genes in the nucleus are replicated and each gene has different nucleotides
        
        the entire complex of genes for an organism is its genomes
        
        thousands of genes attached in a linear sequence the entire structure is a chromosome
        
        centromeres are capped by telomeres
        
        half of the doubled chromosome a chromatid
        
        endoreplication where many rounds of DNA occur
        
        Gene amplification is sims;ar to endpreuplication but only some genes are repeatedly replicated
        
        histones provide protection and structure
        
        G1 (Gap 1)
        
        cell recovering from division and conducting most of its normal metabolism.
        
        synthesis of nucleotides used for the next round of DNA replication
        
        Typically this is the longest Part of the Cell cycle
        
        G2 Phase
        
        during which cells prepare for division
        
        lasts only 3-5 hours
        
        the alpha and beta tubules necessary for spindle microtubules are synthesized
- - - - When two gametes fuse together it is called zygote
      - organisms with one set of chromosomes are haploid
      - zygotes are typically diploid
    - - Metaphase 1, anaphase 1,
      - telophase 1