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Neurotoxicology (Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) (Autism Spectrum…
Neurotoxicology
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs)
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Impairment in social interaction and communication
begin by the age of 6 months
establish within 2nd or 3rd year of age
Symptoms
Difficulty in interpreting social cues
Difficulty in empathisizing and understanding other people perspectives
Repetitive behaviours or ineterests
Difficulty in regulating emotions
Deficits in verbal communication and in understanding language
Schizophrenia (SZ)
Leads to great disability and distress
Positive symptoms
Delusions
Disordered thinking
Disorganized speech and visual/auditory hallucinations
Negative symptoms
Social impairment
lack of motivation
Poverty of speech
Affective blunting and inattention
Early-life environmental insults and NDDs
Prenatal stress
Influence offspring the offspring's neurodevelopment in multiple ways
Human studies
cause an increase in corticol placental corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
lifestyle factor
gestational age
maternal age
Fetal sex
parity
Pre-pregnancy BMI
Smoking behaviour
Influence fetal brain development and growth
Animal studies
Development of inhibted behaviours in the offspring
Unpredictable stress
restraint stress
forced swim stress
Overcrowding
Exposure to bright light
Food deprivation
Prenatal Infection
affected by elevated level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Maternal immune response)
Cytokines
Response to the infection produced by immune cell
(Can reach fetus via placenta)
Cell loss in hippocampus
prefrontal cortical reduce in size
Enlarge ventricle
reduce Purkinje's neurons in cerebellum
reduce sociability & increase crued fear expression
Epigenetics & NDDs
DNA Methylation
Human Studies
SZ and ASD have DNA methylation that affect
microgliogenesis
cause by maternal depression
during pregnancies
increase salivary cortisol stress
alteration on peripheral tissue
blood leucocyte
epithelial cell
Animal Studies
adult mice stressed during prenatal period
reduction of glutamatergic and GABAtergic Genes
reduced cortical & hippocampal mRNA level that affect neurotrophine
neurothrophine is for neurodevelopment and synaptic plasticity
DNA methylation, catalyzed by the DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), is regarded as a key player in epigenetic silencing of transcription.