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Growth and Division of the Cell (Cell Division of Prokaryotes (Cytokinesis…
Growth and Division of the Cell
Growth Phase of the Cell Cycle
G1 Phase
First stage after division
Rapid Growth
Active protein synthesis
Formation of new cell organelles
DNA synthesis
Length of cell cycle
Type of cell
Type of plant
Plants health
Plants age
Temperature
Several hours to 2-3 days or even months
Longest part of the cell cycle
S Phase
DNA and molecules making up chromosomes are synthesized
DNA replication
Chromosome doubles in size after S phase
Endoreduplcation
Hairs, granular tissues
large amounts of proteins
80% of all mature plants
Gene Amplification
Genes repeatedly replicated
24,576 copies of every gene
G2 Phase
Actin and tubulin are synthesized
Cells prepare for division
Lasts 3-5 hours
Division Phase of the Cell Cycle
Mitosis
"Duplication division"
Nuclear genes are copied
Separation of genes
Nucleus per set of genes
Four Phases
Prophase
Chromosomes condense
Nucleus disappears
Nuclear envelope forms vesicles
Daughter sets migrate to opposite poles
Longest phase
Metaphase
Metaphase plate
Chromosomes are visible
Separase is activated
Chromosome number is doubled
Chromosome size is halved
Anaphase
Spindle microtubules shorten
Daughter chromosomes pulled apart
Energy of movement is 20 ATP molecules
Telophase
Nuclear envelope appears
Total surface of envelope larger than original mother nucleus
Chromosomes less distinct
Spindle disappears
Events are reversal of prophase
Shortest phase
Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm
Preprophase band
Phragmoplast
Phragmosome
Meiosis
Two rounds of division
Meiosis I
Prophase I
Nucleolus and nuclear membrane break down
Centrioles separate
A spindle forms
Microtubules attach to centromeres
Chromosomes condense + visible
Divided into five stages
Lepototene
Zygotene
Homologous chromosome
Synaptonemal complex
Pachytene
Crossing-over
No new genes
Diplotene
Chiasmata
Tetrads
Diakinesis
Most complicated stage
Metaphase I
Forms metaphase plate
Anaphase I
Nuclei are haploid
Nucleus two sets of genes->not diploid
Telophase I
S phase missing
Interkinesis
Meiosis II
Prophase II
Prepares nucleus for division
Metaphase II
Short
Chromosomes separate into two chromosomes
Anaphase II
Separates new chromosomes from replica
Telophase II
New nuclei are formed
one set of chromosomes
S phase does not occur
"Reduction Division"
Karyokinesis
Division of the nucleus
Cell Division in Algae
Nuclei
Intracelluar spindle
Extracellular spindle
Nuclear envelope and nucleus do not break down
If, only in late mitosis
Gaps in nuclear envelope
Microtubules pass completely through nucleus
Dinoflagellates
No histones
Chromosomes remain condensed at all times
Cytokinesis
Unicellular algae
No wall
Cleavage furrow
Green algae
Phycoplast
Nuclear envelope does not break down
Algae with walls
Phragmoplast forms
Centrifuge growth
Red algae
Phragmoplast
Pit connection
Cell Division of Prokaryotes
Mitosis and Meiosis are absent
Bacteria
Cyanobacteria
Cross walls do not break apart
Multicellular bodies are formed
Archea
Cytokinesis simpler
Loops of DNA attached to cells membrane
DNA replicated
Two daughter loops also attach to membrane
No centromeres
DNA pulled apart
Infurrowing
Two walls
Release of two daughter cells
Cell Cycle
Bacteria
20 minutes
Many Species
Several days or weeks optimal conditions
Division of Chloroplast and Mitochondria
Contain cicrles of naked DNA
Division of organelles
Infurrowing
Pulled into two
Daughter cells receive
One mitochondrion
One plastid
Plastids
Cell survival
Sugar from neighboring cells
Grows along the tissue
Daughter cells lack plastids
Young Leaf
White spot
Cell Cycle
Replication of Nuclear DNA is episodic
Duplication of rest is continuous
Metabolic stimulus does not control replication of organelles DNA
Mitochonria Cell Division
