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Bio 1081 - Exam 1 (CH 2: The Nature of Molecules and the Properties of…
Bio 1081 - Exam 1
CH 2: The Nature of Molecules and the Properties of Water
Nature of Atoms
Structure of Atoms
Electron cloud
Electrons
Orbitals
Energy Levels
Ions
Cations
Anions
Chemical behavior
Energy levels
Reactions
Oxidation
Reduction
Redox reactions
Nucleus
Protons
Neutrons
Isotopes
Radioactive isotopes
Half Life
Uses
Carbon dating of fossils
Tagging molecules in specific tissues
Atomic Number
Atomic Mass
Elements in Living Systems
Periodic Table
Trends
Electronegativity
Size
Valence Electrons
Octet Rule
12 in living systems
Most frequent
H
N
O
C
Less frequent
S
Na
K
Ca
Mg
Fe
Ca
P
Common features
Atomic number less than 21
low atomic mass
Nature of Chemical Bonds
Bond Types
Hydrogen
Sharing of H atoms
Hydrophobic Interactions
Forcing of hydrophobic portions of molecules together in presence of polar substances
Ionic
Attraction of opposite charges
Form crystals
van der Waals Attraction
Weak attractions between atoms due to oppositely polarized electron clouds
Covalent
Sharing of electron pairs
Reasons bonds formed by hydrogen are stable
It has no net charge
The octet rule is satisfied
It has no unpaired electrons
Strength
Single
Weakest
longest
Double
Medium strength and length
Triple
strongest
closest
Polarity
Polar
Nonpolar
Chemical Reactions Alter Bonds
Influences to chemical reactions
Temperature
Concentration of reactants and products
Catalysts
Properties of Water
Structure leads to hydrogen bonds
Cohesion
Hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together
High Specific Heat
Hydrogen bonds absorb heat when they break and release heat when they form, minimizing temperature changes
High heat of vaporization
Many hydrogen bonds must be broken for water to evaporate
Lower density of ice
Water molecules in an ice crystal are spaced relatively far apart because of hydrogen bonding
Solubility
Acids and Bases
CH 1: The Science of Biology
The Nature of Science
Reasoning
Deductive
Inductive
Experimentation
Hypothesis
Experiment
Test experiment
Control Experiment
Variables
Reductionism
Model construction
Theory
The Science of Life
Definition of Life
Ordered complexity
Sensitivity
Cellular organization
Growth, development, and reproduction
Energy utilization
Homeostasis
Evolutionary adaptation
Hierarchical Organization
Population Level
Population
Species
Biological community
Ecosystem Level
Ecosystem
Organismal Level
Tisssues
Organs
Organ systems
Biosphere Level
Biosphere
Cellular Level
Molecules
Organelles
Atoms
Cells
Emergent Properties
An Example of Scientific Inquiry: Darwin and Evolution
Darwin
On the Origin of Species by Means of Nature Selection
1809-1882
Evolution as an idea predates Darwin
Evolution
Natural Selection
Observed differences in Related organisms
HMS Beagle
Galapagos Islands
Finches
Different beak appearances linked to habitat and food source
14 species
Descent with Modification
Natural selection as mechanism for evolution
Natural selection
Artificial selection
Tests of Natural Selection
Fossil Record
"Intermediate" organisms
Age of the Earth
Radioactive decay
Mechanism of Heredity
Mendel
Peas
Comparative Anatomy
Homologous
Analogous
Molecular Evidence
Genes and DNA sequences
Phylogenetic Tree
Unifying themes of Biology
Living systems organized into Cells
Cell Theory
Molecular basis of inheritance
DNA
Gene
Genome
Relationship between structure and function
Diversity of life due to evolutionary change
Eukarya
Fungi
Animalia
Plantae
Protista
Archaea
Bacteria
Evolutionary conservation explains the unity of living systems
DNA common to all living things
Cells as information processing systems
DNA to direct synthesis
Process environmental information
Respond to external stimuli
Non-equilibrium state of existence