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PLURAL FORM :silhouettes: (compound ((wo)mEn - smthg+(wo)man (BUT the…
PLURAL FORM
:silhouettes:
regular
voiceless ending
- voiceless consonant
[iz]
- sibilants (-x,-xx,-s,-ss,-sh,-ch,as)
[z]
- vowels; voiceless consonants; -os after a proper nouns, -o-, abbriviations
13 nouns with [z] w/ -v(e)
- -f(e)
[i]
- -y
BUT -y remains inchanged after vowels, in proper names, compounds
-s[s]
- -th
-s
- -f(e) exept for the 13 nouns
dubbled letter
- abbriviations
irregular
7 nouns
(wo)man, tooth, foot, goose, mouse, louse
-en
in ox & child
plural form = singular form
sheep, deer, swine, grouse
loans of Greek origin
-is[is] -> -es[i:z]
(basis-bases)
-on [ǝn] -> -а [ǝ]
(criterion-criteria)
-a [ǝtǝ] -> -ata [ǝtǝ]
loans of Latin origin
-us [ǝs] -> -i [ai]/-ora [ǝrǝ]/-era [ǝrǝ]
(stimulus-stimuli)
-а [ǝ] -> -ае [i:]
(formula-formulae)
-um [ǝm] -> -a [ǝ]
(datum-data)
-es,-ix [ɪks] -> -ices [ɪsi;z]
(index-indicies)
other loans
-ean [ou] -> -eaux [ouz]
(tableau-tableaux)
-o [ou] -> -i [i]
(tempo-tempi)
compound
2nd component
takes the plural form:!:
-s
- ending in -ful
(wo)mEn & 2nd component
(wo)mEn
- smthg+(wo)man
BUT the names of nationalities have the plural form w/ -s
only the 1st noun take the plural form
- in compounds originating from a preposition noun phrase (editors-in-chief); noun+preposition/adverb/adjective (passers-by)
the plural is takes by the 2nd noun
in compounds w/ conhunction as a linking element (gin-and-tonics)
the last element takes the plural ending -s
when a compound is substantivized phrase which doesn't contain a noun (drop-outs)
invariable
(cannot change their №, some of them are always singular in meaning {news}, some denote plurality {police})
plural invariable
markered plurals
the form of the noun itself shows
plurality
names of tools of clothes consisting of
2 equal parts which are joined
(binoculars)
miscellaneous (разнообразные) nouns
(customs, manners, minutes {of the meeting})
some
proper nouns
(the East Indies, the Netherlands)
unmarked plurals (the meaning of plurarity is not marked in any form) = as
collective nouns
denote
living beings
(family, police)
they have
2 categotical meanings
plurarity and indivisible whole
descrete plurality (denotes separate beeings) =
nouns of multitude
also expressed by substantivized adjs denoting people (the helpless, the needy, the poor, the sick)
singular invariable
here belong
all non-count
nouns
material nouns (tea)
abstract nouns (music)
proper nouns
some
nouns
ending in -s
(news, gallows; some deseases; some games, some proper nouns {toponims})
nouns
ending in -ics
(classics, linguistics)