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Macromolecules (Lipids (Fats: large molecules put together through…

- - - - Unsaturated fatty acid: the presence of double bonds between carbons decreases the use of hydrogen use. This makes the fat less tightly packed, meaning they are liquid at room temperature (due to kinks from the cis double bonds)
        
        Trans Fats: Unsaturated fat formed artificially during hydrogenation(addition of hydrogen atoms in order to separate double bonds in unsaturated fat in order to make it solid at room temperature) of oils, containing one or more trans double bonds
- - - - Nitrogenous bases
        
        Pyrimidine: one six membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms. (DNA: Cytosine and Thymine) (RNA: Uracil)
        
        Purine: larger 6 membered ring fused to a 5 ember ring. (DNA: Adenine and guanine)
- - - - Monosaccharides and Disaccharides are quick sources of energy since they can break down quicker than polysaccharides.
        
        Polysaccharides are used as storage.
        
        The function of a sugar is determined by the position of glycosidic linkages
        
        In plants, the stored sugar is starch, which breaks down into glucose. Specifically in the form amylopectin
        
        The sugar storage in animals in humans is glycogen. Which is similar to but more branched than amylopectin
        
        There are also structural polysaccharides.
        
        In plants cellulose is the structural sugar. This is a sugar that has two different types of glucose lined up upside down to their neighbor, meaning the cellulose is very tightly packed.
        
        Chitin is another common structural polysaccharide that helps build exoskeletons and fungi. Similar to cellulose, yet has nitrogen
- - - - There is a group of hydrophilic amino acids and a group of hydrophobic acids. There is also a group of acidic amino acids, and basic amino acids (both of which are hydrophilic). The Acidity or Alkalinity of the amino acid depends of presence of the carboxyl amine presence in the side chain,
        
        Polypeptides have a specific linear sequence. At the end of a polypeptide chain there is a free amino acid group known as the N terminus, and at the other end there is a free carboxyl group known as the C terminus.
    - - Primary structure: Straight chain of amino acids
      - Tertiary structure: 3D shape stabilized by interactions between side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges
      - Quaternary structure: multiple tertiary proteins making a larger 3D shape, which makes this protein most functional.
      - Secondary structure: repetitive coiling or folding of polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonds between constituents (not side chain). Two forms are in the alpha helix and beta pleated sheet.