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Growth and Division of the Cell (Growth Phase (S Phase (Gene (Chromosome…
Growth and Division of the Cell
Growth Phase
G1 Phase
A.K.A Gap 1
Recover Phase
Normal Metabolism
Nucleotide Synthesis
Time Frame Variations
Cell Type
Plant Type
Health
Age
Temperature
S Phase
Synthesis Phase
Replication of Genes
Genome
Entire Gene Complex
Gene
Nucleotide Polymer
Attached to Other Genes
Linking DNA
Chromosome
Thousands of Attached Genes
Centromere
Telemere
Chromatid
Half of Doubled Chromosome
Endoreduplication
Replication of DNA
Before Differentiation
Occurs in:
Hair
Glandular Cells
Intense Metabolic Cells
Gene Amplification
Like Endoreduplication
Genes Repeatedly Replicated
G2 Phase
Division Preparation
3-5 Hours
Division Occurs After
Protein Production
Processes Chromosomes
Break Down Nuclear Envelope
Division Phase
Two Processes
Karyokinesis
Nucleus Division
Mitosis
Duplication Division
More Common
Mother Cell Duplicated
Prophase
Chromosomes Condense
Nucleolus Less Distinct
Nuclear Envelope Breaks Down
Migration to Poles
Spindle Formation
Long Microtubules
Attach to Centromeres
Metaphase
Metaphase Plate
Chromosomes Move to Centromeres
Hard to Distinguish between Prophase
Separase Produced
Protein-Degrading Enzyme
End of Metaphase
Anaphase
Pulling of Chromosomes
20 ATP Needed
Telophase
Reversal of Prophase
Spindle Disappears
New Nucleoli Appear
Chromosomes Less Distinct
Nuclear Envelopes at Each End
Cytokinesis
Cytoplasm Division
Prophase
Preprophase Band
Indenties Division Plane
Phragmoplast
In Plants
Short Microtubule Set
Parallel to the Spindle
Forms in Cell Center
Grows Outward to Cell Walls
Cell Plate
Phragmoplast
Vesicles
New Cell Walls
Phragmosome
Vacuole Division
Meiosis
Two Parts
Meiosis 1
Prophase 1
Same Processes as Mitosis
Special Chromosome Interactions
Leptotene
Become Condense/Distinguishable
Zygotene
Synapsis
Homologous Chromosome Pairing
Pachytene
Crossing-Over
Mixing of Genes
Genetic Diversity
Diplotene
Begin to Move Away
Do Not Separate
Tetrads
Diakinesis
Homologs Separate
Paired at Centromeres
Metaphase 1
Spindle Microtubules Move Tetrads to Center
Formation of Metaphase Plate
Anaphase 1
Chromosome Separate Completely
No Centromere Division
Telophase 1
Chromosome Begin Uncoiling
Sometimes Skipped
Nucleolus and Nuclear Envelope Begin Appearing
Meiosis II
Only if Telophase 1 Occurs
Prophase II
Not Subdivided
Metaphase II
Short
Centromeres Divide
Anaphase II
Separates New Chromosome
Telophase II
New Nuclei Formed
One Set of Chromosome/Chromatid
Reduction Division
Reproductive Cells
Cell Division in Algae
Nuclei
Identical to Animals
Unusual Mitosis
Intra/Extranuclear Spindles
Nuclear Envelope/Nucleolus Don't Break Down
Only in Mitosis Occasionally Do They Remain
Cytokinesis
Several Types
No Cell Wall
Plasma Membrane Pinches in Two
Cell Wall
Similar to Plants
Green Algae
Spindle Depolymerizes
Daughter Nuclei Close Together
Phycoplast
Spindles Between Daughter Nuclei
Nuclear Envelope Remains Whole
Red Algae
Phragmoplast Division
New Wall Formed By Pre-Exisiting Wall
Pit Connection
Prokaryote Cell Division
No Mitosis or Meiosis
Simple Cytokinesis
Rings of DNA
Attached to Plasma Membrane
Duplicated
Pulled Apart
Growth of Membrane
Cytokinesis
Plasma Membrane Pulled Inward
Infurrowing
Chloroplast and Mitochondria Division
Infurrowing
Pulled into Two
All Cells Must Have One of Each
Different Stimulus from DNA
