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Blood Circulation (Hemoglobin recycling (Iron in Hb is stripped from heme…

- - - - urine turns reddish or brown
  - - - red meat, beans, dark greenleafy vegetable
    - - developing rbc's use amino acids and iron for new hemoglobin
- - - - mothers anti rH antibodies can now pass through the placenta and enter the fetus circulation
      - mother conceives a second anti rh baby
      - rh negative mother becomes pregant with rh positive fetus. pregancy uneventful but during birth babys blood enters the mothers circulation and causes her to produce anti rh antibodies
      - the fetus rbc hemolyze resulting in this fatal condition
- - - - leukocytosis = WCC > 10000
      - leukopenia = WCC < 5000
  - - - multi, GM, G and M
    - - neutrophils, esinophils, basophils mature in bone marrow
        
        monocytes differentiate in bone marrow mature in circulation
- - - - antibodies produced by plasma cells (B cells)
      - lipoproteins
    - - maintains osmotic pressure of cells (0.9%)
      - Transports fatty acids
    - - serum that fluid left over after the clotting proteins are removed
- - - - prenicious anemia
        
        inadequate vitamin B12 RBCs fail to mature
      - iron deficiency anemia
      - hemorrhagic anemia
      - aplastic anemia
        
        bone marrow fails to produce new RBCs
- - - - Quantitive analysis of this portion of blood represents the hematocrit (HCT) reading or packed cell volume (PCV)
    - - Myloid stem cells
      - Lymphoid stem cells
- - - - high oxygen no problem; low oxygen sickle shape
    - - slow RBC production, fragile and short lived
- - - - erythroblast (making hemoglobin)
        
        after four days ejects nucleus
      - progenitor cells
      - blast cells
  - - - Negative feedback mechanism involving the hormone erythropoietin which is produced and secreted by the special cells in the kidney and liver
        
        Erythropoietin targets red bone marrow , stimulating erythropoiesis
        
        chemoreceptors in kidneys and livers detect low blood oxygen
        
        erythropoietin is released from kidneys and liver and circulation
- - - - males 5.4 million erythrocytes in 1 microliter
      - females 4.8 million erythrocytes in 1 miloliter
- - - - In the laboratory, this situation can be simulated , however the result is termed agglutination = clumping of red blood cells
- - - - Granulocytes
        
        Basophils
        
        release histamine a visodilator helpful inflammatory responses
        
        <1% of total WBC's
        
        release heparin which inhibits blood clotting
        
        may leave blood stream and develop into mast cells
        
        Neutrophils
        
        increased in acute bacterial infections
        
        most abundant WBC =54%-62%
        
        polymorphonucleocytes
        
        phagocytosis of foreign particles
        
        Esinophils
        
        increased during parasitic infections
        
        1-3% of total WBC
        
        kills parasites and responsible for allergic reactions
        
        release histamine during allergic reactions
      - Agranulocytes
        
        Diapedesis = process by which leukocytes move through blood vessels walls to enter tissues
        
        Monocytes
        
        largest WBC, 12-20 microns
        
        3-9% of total WBC
        
        phagocytosis
        
        In blood = phagocyte; In tissues = macrophage
        
        Increased during typhoid fever, malasia, and mononucleosis
        
        Lymphocytes
        
        B cells
        
        produce antibodies that act against specific foreign substances
        
        Increased during TB, whooping cough, viral infections, tissue rejections and tumors
        
        Range in size from large to small
        
        25-33% total WBC
        
        live for several months to years
        
        T cells
        
        attack cells directly
        
        Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas