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Ch.4 Growth and Division of the Cell (Cell Division in Prokaryotes…

- - - - recovering
      - conducting most of normal metabolism
      - synthesis of nucleotides
    - - generally longest part of cell cycle
  - - - spindle microtubules
      - synthesized
      - cell produces proteins
  - - - linking pieces DNA & genes replicated
        
        gene=polymer of nucleotides
      - new histone mc complex w/new DNA
        
        histone
        
        structure
        
        support
        
        complexes w/DNA
        
        special class proteins
      - entire chromosome replicated
      - duplicate DNA mc remain attached @ centromere
      - connect by protein aka cohesion
    - - chromosomes have two identical chromatids
      - chromosome twice as large
    - - replicate DNA b4 differentiate
      - nucleus twice as large or gigantic
      - occurs in 80% of maturing plants
      - hairs, glandular cells, cells w/rapid metabolism
    - - only some repeatedly replicated
        
        ex:) Arum maculatum
- - - - Metaphase
        
        microtubules pull chromosomes to center
        
        metaphase plate
        
        separase activated
        
        digests cohesion
        
        chromosome # doubles
        
        chromosome sized halved
      - Anaphase
        
        begins after cohesion releases centromeres
        
        two kinetochore faces freed
        
        spindle microtubules shorten
        
        depolymerize
        
        daughter chromosome pulled away for twin
      - Telophase
        
        chromosomes approach ends of spindle
        
        nuclear envelope forms
        
        total surface area larger
        
        chromosomes uncoil
        
        spindle depolymerizes, disappears
      - Prophase
        
        chromosomes condese
        
        begin to coil
        
        become shorter/thicker
        
        protein framework develops
        
        condensation continues till 2-5 micrometers
        
        easier to move
        
        nucleus less distinct
        
        nuclear envelope breaks into vesicles
        
        daughter sets migrate to opp. poles
        
        spindle microtubules attach @ centromeres
    - - Meiosis I
        
        Prophase I
        
        5 stages
        
        1.) Leptotene
        
        chromomsomes condense
        
        chromosomes distinguishable
        
        2.) Zygotene
        
        pairing chromosomes
        
        two sets
        
        3 more items...
        
        3.) Pachytene
        
        chromosomes shorter/thicker
        
        crossing over
        
        1 more item...
        
        4.) Diplotene
        
        bivalents move away from each other
        
        tetrads
        
        5.) Diakinesis
        
        homologs seperate
        
        chismata pushed to ends
        
        untange
        
        pair @ centromeres
        
        Metaphase I
        
        spindle microtubules move tetrads to center
        
        metaphase plate formed
        
        Anaphase I
        
        homlogous chromosomes separate completely
        
        chromosomes move to opp. ends
        
        centromeres do not divide
        
        cohesion not digested
        
        two new chromatids each chromosome
        
        two new nuclei
        
        haploid
        
        Telophase I
        
        chromosomes still doubled
        
        two chromatids
        
        G2 state
        
        chromosomes uncoil
        
        nuclear envelope & nucleolus reappear
        
        interkinesis
        
        s phase completely missing
      - Meiosis II
        
        Prophase II
        
        not subdivided into stages
        
        Metaphase II
        
        short
        
        centromeres divide
        
        separate each chromosome
        
        results two chromosomes
        
        Anaphase II
        
        new chromosome seperated
        
        Telophase II
        
        new nuclei formed
        
        contain one set chromosomes
        
        single chromatid
  - - - can divide diff ways
        
        mitochondrisn
        
        plastids
        
        ER
        
        valcuoles
        
        etc
    - - identifies plane of division
      - marks where new cell wall attach
      - transitory
      - not formed if nuclear division occurs w/out cell division
    - - short microtubules
        
        aligned parallel to spindle microtubules
      - Actin filaments
      - forms in cell center
      - trap dictyostome
      - grows outward
        
        half day to reach walls of large cells
    - - phragmosome
        
        set of microtubules
        
        actin filaments
        
        pull on nucleus, divides
        
        cytoplasm
        
        enlarges as thin plate like sheet
        
        cytoplasm
        
        cytoskeleton
        
        extends outward
        
        pushes into vacuole
        
        divides into two
        
        nucleus divides
        
        phragmoplast & cell plate form
        
        extends outward
- - - - structure
      - mitosis
      - meiosis
      - metabolism
    - - unusual mitosis
        
        intranuclearr spindle
        
        extranuclear
      - nuclear envelope & nucleus do not break down
        
        flagellates
        
        no histones
        
        brown algae
        
        euglenoids
        
        green algae
  - - - plasma membrane pinches in two
        
        pulled inward as cleavage furrow
        
        phramoplast forms
        
        disctyosome vesicles establish a cell plate
        
        centrifugal growth
    - - mitotic spindle depolymerizes
      - daughter nuclei lie close together
      - new set of microtubules appears between them
        
        phycoplast
        
        green algae
        
        nuclear envelope doesn't break
        
        phragmoplast
        
        red algae
        
        new wall grows inward
        
        stops growing while incomplete
- - - - new cross wall grows inward
      - cross wall splits
        
        two daughter cells