Genital Warts 56d6d3b7-60b0-4172-813a-2be9b221a4ab

Immunology of Human Warts

What is Immune Evasion?

HPV infect humans through a mechanism called "immune evasion"

A way of pathogenic microbes and tumors to evade host immune response in order to increase their probability of being transmitted to another. (cells become undetectable for a long time)

Why is it important?

To overcome innate and adaptive immune response

To exploit host immune system

How Immune Evasion works?

GW 2

Immune Evasion)

Effective treatment depends on the location/position of the warts

Some harmful HPV cannot cause visible warts but can lead to cervical cancer and are undetectable for a very long time

It is possible to have HPV infection without genital warts

Cervical cancer

Non-melanoma skin cancers

Skin and mucous infection

Vulvar cancer (Infection at the outer vaginal surface)

What is genital warts?

A most common types of sexually transmitted infection

Contagious

Cause fleshy growths in the genital or anal area

Caused by human papillomavirus (HPV)

What-Causes-Genital-Warts

Human-Pappilomavirus

HPV can change the structure of infected cells and can lead to further complications

Genital warts are soft growths that appear on the genitals. They're a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by certain strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV).


It is also highly transmittable through skin-to-skin contact.
Refer here

HPV can be spread through oral, vaginal, or anal sex.

How HPV enter our body
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Can cause servical cancer, or at least dysplasia (precancerous changes to the cells of the cervix)

How HPV cause warts
hpv-life-cycle-cancer

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) HPV

Most common STI and different from HIV & HSV. HPV have many types and some of them causes genital warts and cancers

Can be overcome by vaccines ; Three vaccines -- Cervarix, Gardasil, and Gardasil-9

All boys and girls ages 11 or 12 years should get vaccinated

Catch-up vaccines are recommended for boys and men through age 21 and for girls and women through age 26, if they did not get vaccinated when they were younger.

Gay and bisexual men (or any man who has sex with a man) through age 26

Men and women with compromised immune systems (including those living with HIV/AIDS) through age 26, if they did not get fully vaccinated when they were younger.

Infects genital area, vulva, vagina, cervix, rectum, anus, penis, and scrotum, as well as mouth and throat.

Also by skin to skin contact

Small double-stranded DNA viruses that infect the cutaneous and mucosal epithelium.

Treatment

Creams, gels, and ointments

Cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen

Surgery

Trichloroacetic solutions

Prevention

HPV vaccine

abstinence from sexual contact

increase usage of condom or dental dam

Get a PAP test-regular check-up

HPV risks in men can be reduced if they are circumcised.(prevents transmission)

Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure(LEEP)

prevents cervical cancer by removing abnormal cells

Vaccines- cervarix will prevent HPV infection from strains 16&18.

Applied in vaginal and anal lesions

Infections

Reported Cases

October 2013, Italy. A 45 years old woman diagnosed with a GGW. review here

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Human-Papillomavirus-1

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Based on a systematic review, global incidence of AGWs ranged from 160 to 289 cases per 100 000 person-years. review here

HPV types 6 and 11 are estimated to cause ∼90% of genital warts

Symptoms and Pathogenicity

may not start to develop warts for several weeks or months after infection

not always visible to the human eye

very small and resemble the color of the skin or slightly darker

top of the growths may resemble a cauliflower and may feel smooth or slightly bumpy to the touch

may occur as a cluster of warts, or just one wart

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also appear on the lips, mouth, tongue, or throat of a person who has had oral sexual contact with an infected person

non visible warts can cause vaginal discharge, itching, burning, bleeding

Diagnosis

health and sexual history

symptoms experienced and any times engaged in unprotected sex, including oral sex.

a physical examination of any areas where suspected warts may be occurring

For women only- warts can occur deep inside a woman’s body

pelvic examination by applying a mild acidic solution, which helps to make the warts more visible

Pap smear

Certain types of HPV may cause abnormal results on a Pap smear, which may indicate precancerous changes

Genital warts are a complication of HPV infection that’s common and treatable. They can disappear over time, but treatment is essential in preventing their return and possible complications.

DNA sequence differences

potential to cause cancer

diagnosis of oncogenic types and non-oncogenic types

inactivate the p53 and pRb tumor suppressors