Macromolecules

Lipids

Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Nonpolar: Don't mix well with water because of they're mostly hydrocarbons

Monomer: Monosaccharides
Polymer: Polysaccharides
Two sugars: Disaccharides

Join and separate by Dehydration reaction
and hydrolysis

Chemical formula a multiple of CH2O

Glucose has multiple -OH groups and carbonyl group

Form rings in aqueous solutions

Broken down for energy in cellular respiration

Starch: polysaccharide used by pants to store sugar

Glycogen: polysaccharide used by animals to store glucose

Cellulose: polysaccharide used by plants to make cell wall
Chitin: polysaccharide with nitrogen attachment that is used by fungi for cell wall and by animals for exoskeleton

Sugars made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

Speed up chemical reactions, catalysts

Long chains of Carbons and hydrogens

Fat: type of lipid with glycerol (alcohol with 3 carbons and hydroxyl groups) and fatty acids)

Fatty acid: carboxyl and long hydrocarbon chain

Triglyceride: 3 fatty acids with one glycerol

Saturated fatty acid: no double bond in tail, solid at room temperature
Unsaturated fatty acids: double bond causes bending, liquid at room temperature

Trans fats: unsaturated fats + hydrogen turning into saturated fat

Phospholipid: 2 fatty acids + glycerol + phosphate group
Used in lipid bilayer for cell membrane

Steroids: lipids with 4 fused rings

Cholesterol: crucial for animals, steroid

Contain a lot of energy

Enzymes can perform chemical reactions over and over

All constructed from 20 amino acids

Monomer: amino acid
Polymer: Polypeptide

Amino acid has amino and carboxyl groups and an "R" side chain all attached to carbon

three-dimensional shape

Protein Structure:
Primary: linear chain of amino acids
Secondary: hydrogen bonds between amino acids form alpha helix or beta pleated sheets
Tertiary: Interaction with side chains make 3D shape
Quaternary: association of 2+ polypeptides

Denaturation: pH and temperature conditions change losing protein structure

Monomer: Nucleotides
Polymer: nucleic acid or polyneucleotides

gene: inherited DNA

DNA and RNA responsible for gene expression and expressing genes

DNA synthesized into mRNA for coding proteins

Nucleotide components:
Nitrogenous base
5 carbon sugar
phosphate group

Pyrimidine: 6 ring of carbon (C, T, U)
Purines: 6 ring + 5 ring (A, G)

Double Helix for DNA and goes 5' to 3'
RNA is single stranded

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