The Cells

Robert Hooke created the word "cell"

A cell is the basic structure and function unit of living organism.

Biochemical activities of cells are dictated by there active number of their specific subcellular structures

Cell structure

Cells are formed from chemical structures

Some are single cell

Can be 2 feet or longer

Can be flat,round,thread like or irregular shaped

7.5 trillions cells found in body work together

Nucleus

organells

cytoplasm

cell membrane

Cells are made up of small structures called organelles.

atoms are tiny building blocks of all matter

Cell membrane holds the shape of cell and allows what goes in and out.

Identification markers that identify it as coming from a certain person

Homeostasis imbalance is selective permeable only promising healthy unharmed cell.

Fluids,proteins and ions weep from dead damaged cells

Passive transport-no energy

Active transport requires some addition energy

Passive Transport

Diffusion most common, higher concentration to lower concentrations

Osmosis water travels through selectively permeable membrane to equalize concentration of a substance

Filtration

Facilitated diffusion

Filtration pressure is applied to force water and its dissolved materials across or through membrane by fluid or hydro-static pressure

Facilitated diffusion is a variation of diffusion in which a substance is helped in moving across membrane

Glucose is the substance that is often helped across a cell this way

Only glucose can be carried by its special carrier

Cystic fibrosis is a fatal genetic disease effecting 1/3000 Caucasian babies.

Caused by malformation in membrane channels for chloride and sodium ion.

Fluid around the cell becomes salty

Results in excessive thick mucus

Symptoms include- difficult breathing,diabetes failure,infertility

Diagnosis is prenatal/postnatal testing

No cure

Diabetes mellitus

High blood sugar caused by problem with facilitated diffusion

Hromone insulin must be present in order to transport of glucose to occur

Insulin is either absent or present

Active transport requires energy

Passive transport does not require energy

Endocytosis is used by cells for intake of liquid and food when substance is too large to diffuse across membrane.

Active transport pumb requires addition of energy in form of ATP to move substance

Exocytosis is the cells actively secret hormones,mucus ad other cell products or eject certain cellular waste

Familial Hypercholesterolemia

Blood cholesterol too high cause by poor diet and lack of exercise.

LDL- low density lipoprotien

Leads to heart attacks and strokes

1/500 Americans have moderate form

can be treated with diet modifications and cholesterol lowering drugs

cell contains

Cytoplasm that is gel like substance of water nutrients and electrolytes

Nucleus "brain of cell" has a double nuclear membrane, dictates activity of other organells

Chromatin are found in nucleus that contain DNA

Nucleolus made up fibers found within nucleus and it synthesizes RNA to form ribosomes

Ribosomes are organelles found in rough ER floating also around cytoplasm made up ribonucleic acid(RNA) assist in production in protien

Centrosomes are building contractor, builds new structure as needed,involves in cell division

Mitochondria is organelles act as power plant to provide 95% of bodies energy for cellular repair movement and reproduction.

Endoplasmic Reticulum is series of channels set up in cytoplasm that are formed from folded membrane.

Rough ER contains ribosomes and synthesizes protien

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Golgi apparatus looks like a bunch of flattened membranous sacs. Takes proteins to cell membrane, released to salivary and pancreatic glands

Lysosomes are organelles containing powerful enzymes that take care of cleaning up inter-cellular debris and other waste

They destroy unwanted bacteria by participating in phagocytosis

Vesicles are little van shaped organelles than can be loaded up with substances and travel to other sites within cells

Cytoskeleton is a network of microtubuless and interconnected filimants that provide shape to cells and allow cell and it contents.

Flagella is whip-shaped tails that move some cells like sperm to other locations

Cilia is short microscopic, hair-like projections located on outer surface of some cells that move particles in wave-like motions

Organelle disorders

Lysosomal storage disorder occur when lysosomes are missing one of their enzymes

All are genetic and most lack effective therapies

Tay sachs

Most common in jews and eastern Europe decent

Enzyme missing in lysosomes of nervous cells

Result in glycoprotiens accumulate in cells in nervous system

Symptoms include mental regression,dementia and paralysis appearing with first year of patients lif

No treatment-fatal

diagnosis is cherry red spots on back of eye

Cigarettes and paralyzed cilia

Smoking can result in cilia in respiratory tract to become paralyzed

Results cannot keep lungs clean

Causes other lung related problems

Cells produce ATP through the process of cellular respiration, produces 2 waste products water and carbon dioxide

Diabetes mellitus is glucose from food that doesn't get into cells effectively results in cells looking for other substance to be used to make ATP>

Excess glucose in blood causes problems

Symptoms include weight loss,excessive urination,and excessive thirst

Type one diabetes (IDDM)

Immune system attacks and destroys cells in pancreas that make insulin resulting in cessation of insulin production

Not curable

Can be treated with daily insulin injections

Patient must be in strict diet

Type two diabetes ( NIDDM)

Develops when cells stop responding, insulin still produced by pancreas but tissues don't respond.

Can sometimes be reversibele

First step includes adaption of healthy diet and exercise habits and weight loss

Medications affecting pancreas of tissue can improve blood sugars

some patient eventually require supplemental insulin.

Enzymes are like catalyst they speed up the chemical reaction

PKU is a genetic disorder both parents have to be a carrier

Ellipsepy,light pigmentation,order in urine and sweat.

Treament- try to balance amino acids

Children-cognitive defects

Adults-depression,anxiety, other neurological changes

Guthrie test few drops of blood, 72 hours to 7 days after birth

Mitosis

Cellular reproduction of making new cells also called cell division

Asexual reproduction- cells make identical copies of themselves without involvement of other cells

prokaryotic-do not have nucleus or organelles Ex- bacteria

Eukaryotes - have nucleus and organelles EX-human cell

Have 46 chromosomes

Binary fission occurs

Mitosis

Cytokines is division of cytoplasm,

Four phases

Division of genetic material is the most complicated part of cell division

Prophase

metaphase

Anaphase

Telepahse

cytokinesis is after telophase, mother cell is now formed into two identical daughter cells

Mitosis provides the "new cell for body growth in youth

Growth ex-bone

Meiosis sexual reproduction in which two different cells unite to form new cell

Cancer is when cells grow in orderly fashion and control of system prevents cells from reproducing fast

Not all tumors are cancerous

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benign tumors tend to be surrounded by a capsule and grow very slow

Diagnosis of cancer are blood test,biopsy or imaging techniques

Malignant tumors grow rapid and are noncapsulated

treatment of cancer can include chemo,radiation therapy, or surgery

Four primary microorganisms are bacteria, virus, fungi, and protozoa

Virus is an infectious disease containing genetic material

Capsid is a protective protein coat surrounding virus

Do no respond to antibiotics

Fungi can be one-celled or multi-celled organism, plant-like organism.

Good fungi-mushrooms

Spreads through spores

Athletes foot

Protozoa is one-celled,animal-like organism that can be found in water and soil

Bacteria

Destroys body tissues,blood tissues

Inhibits ribosomes

Causes fluid loss,high fever,paralysis and fluid inn lungs

signs of bacterial infection are high fever,rapid pulse,breathing

Antibiotics can be used

Shuts down cell

Influenza

Can cause secondary pneumonia

low grade fever,muscle aches

Spores are tiny bodies resistant to environmental changes

Malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes

"beaver fever"