The Cells
Robert Hooke created the word "cell"
A cell is the basic structure and function unit of living organism.
Biochemical activities of cells are dictated by there active number of their specific subcellular structures
Cell structure
Cells are formed from chemical structures
Some are single cell
Can be 2 feet or longer
Can be flat,round,thread like or irregular shaped
7.5 trillions cells found in body work together
Nucleus
organells
cytoplasm
cell membrane
Cells are made up of small structures called organelles.
atoms are tiny building blocks of all matter
Cell membrane holds the shape of cell and allows what goes in and out.
Identification markers that identify it as coming from a certain person
Homeostasis imbalance is selective permeable only promising healthy unharmed cell.
Fluids,proteins and ions weep from dead damaged cells
Passive transport-no energy
Active transport requires some addition energy
Passive Transport
Diffusion most common, higher concentration to lower concentrations
Osmosis water travels through selectively permeable membrane to equalize concentration of a substance
Filtration
Facilitated diffusion
Filtration pressure is applied to force water and its dissolved materials across or through membrane by fluid or hydro-static pressure
Facilitated diffusion is a variation of diffusion in which a substance is helped in moving across membrane
Glucose is the substance that is often helped across a cell this way
Only glucose can be carried by its special carrier
Cystic fibrosis is a fatal genetic disease effecting 1/3000 Caucasian babies.
Caused by malformation in membrane channels for chloride and sodium ion.
Fluid around the cell becomes salty
Results in excessive thick mucus
Symptoms include- difficult breathing,diabetes failure,infertility
Diagnosis is prenatal/postnatal testing
No cure
Diabetes mellitus
High blood sugar caused by problem with facilitated diffusion
Hromone insulin must be present in order to transport of glucose to occur
Insulin is either absent or present
Active transport requires energy
Passive transport does not require energy
Endocytosis is used by cells for intake of liquid and food when substance is too large to diffuse across membrane.
Active transport pumb requires addition of energy in form of ATP to move substance
Exocytosis is the cells actively secret hormones,mucus ad other cell products or eject certain cellular waste
Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Blood cholesterol too high cause by poor diet and lack of exercise.
LDL- low density lipoprotien
Leads to heart attacks and strokes
1/500 Americans have moderate form
can be treated with diet modifications and cholesterol lowering drugs
cell contains
Cytoplasm that is gel like substance of water nutrients and electrolytes
Nucleus "brain of cell" has a double nuclear membrane, dictates activity of other organells
Chromatin are found in nucleus that contain DNA
Nucleolus made up fibers found within nucleus and it synthesizes RNA to form ribosomes
Ribosomes are organelles found in rough ER floating also around cytoplasm made up ribonucleic acid(RNA) assist in production in protien
Centrosomes are building contractor, builds new structure as needed,involves in cell division
Mitochondria is organelles act as power plant to provide 95% of bodies energy for cellular repair movement and reproduction.
Endoplasmic Reticulum is series of channels set up in cytoplasm that are formed from folded membrane.
Rough ER contains ribosomes and synthesizes protien
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Golgi apparatus looks like a bunch of flattened membranous sacs. Takes proteins to cell membrane, released to salivary and pancreatic glands
Lysosomes are organelles containing powerful enzymes that take care of cleaning up inter-cellular debris and other waste
They destroy unwanted bacteria by participating in phagocytosis
Vesicles are little van shaped organelles than can be loaded up with substances and travel to other sites within cells
Cytoskeleton is a network of microtubuless and interconnected filimants that provide shape to cells and allow cell and it contents.
Flagella is whip-shaped tails that move some cells like sperm to other locations
Cilia is short microscopic, hair-like projections located on outer surface of some cells that move particles in wave-like motions
Organelle disorders
Lysosomal storage disorder occur when lysosomes are missing one of their enzymes
All are genetic and most lack effective therapies
Tay sachs
Most common in jews and eastern Europe decent
Enzyme missing in lysosomes of nervous cells
Result in glycoprotiens accumulate in cells in nervous system
Symptoms include mental regression,dementia and paralysis appearing with first year of patients lif
No treatment-fatal
diagnosis is cherry red spots on back of eye
Cigarettes and paralyzed cilia
Smoking can result in cilia in respiratory tract to become paralyzed
Results cannot keep lungs clean
Causes other lung related problems
Cells produce ATP through the process of cellular respiration, produces 2 waste products water and carbon dioxide
Diabetes mellitus is glucose from food that doesn't get into cells effectively results in cells looking for other substance to be used to make ATP>
Excess glucose in blood causes problems
Symptoms include weight loss,excessive urination,and excessive thirst
Type one diabetes (IDDM)
Immune system attacks and destroys cells in pancreas that make insulin resulting in cessation of insulin production
Not curable
Can be treated with daily insulin injections
Patient must be in strict diet
Type two diabetes ( NIDDM)
Develops when cells stop responding, insulin still produced by pancreas but tissues don't respond.
Can sometimes be reversibele
First step includes adaption of healthy diet and exercise habits and weight loss
Medications affecting pancreas of tissue can improve blood sugars
some patient eventually require supplemental insulin.
Enzymes are like catalyst they speed up the chemical reaction
PKU is a genetic disorder both parents have to be a carrier
Ellipsepy,light pigmentation,order in urine and sweat.
Treament- try to balance amino acids
Children-cognitive defects
Adults-depression,anxiety, other neurological changes
Guthrie test few drops of blood, 72 hours to 7 days after birth
Mitosis
Cellular reproduction of making new cells also called cell division
Asexual reproduction- cells make identical copies of themselves without involvement of other cells
prokaryotic-do not have nucleus or organelles Ex- bacteria
Eukaryotes - have nucleus and organelles EX-human cell
Have 46 chromosomes
Binary fission occurs
Mitosis
Cytokines is division of cytoplasm,
Four phases
Division of genetic material is the most complicated part of cell division
Prophase
metaphase
Anaphase
Telepahse
cytokinesis is after telophase, mother cell is now formed into two identical daughter cells
Mitosis provides the "new cell for body growth in youth
Growth ex-bone
Meiosis sexual reproduction in which two different cells unite to form new cell
Cancer is when cells grow in orderly fashion and control of system prevents cells from reproducing fast
Not all tumors are cancerous
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benign tumors tend to be surrounded by a capsule and grow very slow
Diagnosis of cancer are blood test,biopsy or imaging techniques
Malignant tumors grow rapid and are noncapsulated
treatment of cancer can include chemo,radiation therapy, or surgery
Four primary microorganisms are bacteria, virus, fungi, and protozoa
Virus is an infectious disease containing genetic material
Capsid is a protective protein coat surrounding virus
Do no respond to antibiotics
Fungi can be one-celled or multi-celled organism, plant-like organism.
Good fungi-mushrooms
Spreads through spores
Athletes foot
Protozoa is one-celled,animal-like organism that can be found in water and soil
Bacteria
Destroys body tissues,blood tissues
Inhibits ribosomes
Causes fluid loss,high fever,paralysis and fluid inn lungs
signs of bacterial infection are high fever,rapid pulse,breathing
Antibiotics can be used
Shuts down cell
Influenza
Can cause secondary pneumonia
low grade fever,muscle aches
Spores are tiny bodies resistant to environmental changes
Malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes
"beaver fever"