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plastics (properties of plastics (mec hanical: malleabrlity, ductility,…

- - - - Clay is a fine-grained earth composed of aluminium silicates and other substances We can mould it easily when it's wet
    - - Mixing. We add water, anti-grease agents, fluxes and colouring
      - Modelling. We shape the clay in the form of the oblect we want to
        make
      - Prepanng the clay. We clean the clay to remove traces of vegetable
        matter, then apply a breakdown process using rollers
      - Drying. To allow all water to evaporate
      - Baking in an mdustnal oven called a kiln at temperatures between
        700'C and I 700'C
      - Glazing and enamelling
    - - There are two large groups: structural ceramics and whiteware ceramics. Structural ceramics are permeable; whiteware ceramics are impermeable
  - - - Shaping technique
        
        Lamination
        
        We pass the soft matenal through a system of rollers The roflers can be
        smooth, or engraved to create a design on the glass
        
        Mould blowing
        
        we put the paste into a hollow mould which has the shape of the object we want to make
        
        Float glass making
        
        We float molten glass on top of a layer of molten tin.
- - - - Agglutination. The matenal is compacted and then incorporated
        into other matenals
      - Extrusion. tve melt the matenal, and then tt's extruded into long
        filaments
      - Floating. TVe wash the plastics and then dry them by centrtfugal
        force
      - Pelletising. The filaments are then reduced to granules that we Plastic waste should be put tnto yellow
        call pellets.
      - Separation and crushing. We separate the plastics according to
        type and then they' re crushed.
    - - plastics that decompose on contact with certain bactena and
        biological agents
      - plastics that dissolve tn hot or cold wate
- - - - We apply pressure by means of a large, rotattng screw, whtch forces
        the melted matenal out, through a nuzzle
      - We cool the shaped material slowly In a refngerated water bath until
        lt's solid
      - We put thermoplastic, in granular form, Into a previously heated cylinder
      - Finally, we collect the pieces of plastic through a feeder system.
    - - Thermoplastic produced by the extrusion method ls passed through a
        senes of hot cylinders to produce sheets of varying thtckness
    - - We put thermoplasttc into a mould
      - We then use a heater to heat the mould and soften the plasuc
      - We extract the air below the sheet so that the plastic ts pulled against
        the instde walls of the shaped mould, and the desired form ts created
      - We leave the mould to cool, then remove the obiect
    - - There are three pnnctpal techniques
        
        blow moulding
        
        compression
        
        injection
      - Injection moulding
        
        We tniect melted thermoplastic into a mould
        
        When the material has cooled and solidified, we extract tt from the
        mould
        
        Blow moulding
        
        We close the mould and blow pressurised air into it, so that the
        plastic adheres to the sides of the mould and takes its shape.
        
        When the object is cold, we remove it from the mould
        
        We put a tubular-shaped piece of plastic into a hollow mould which
        has the same shape as the oblect that we want to make
        
        Compression
        
        We put thermostable plastic which can be in granular form,
        into the base of a cavity mould
        
        The outer part of the cavity
        mould, shaped the same, isclosed to compress the matenal inside We then heat it and it
        becomes soft and mafleabie
        
        The plastic adapts to the shape of the cavity between the two parts of
        the mould
        
        We extract the oblect when the plastic has cooled and solidified