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Applied Anatomy & Physiology of Nose & Paranal sinuses :sunflower:

- - - - Medial crus
      - Lateral crus
        
        Control patency of nasal vestibule
      - Alar collapse
- - - - Causes
        
        Development
        
        Post-traumatic
      - Symptoms
        
        Nasal obstruction
        
        Sinusitis
  - - - Junction between upper & lower lateral cartilages
      - Septum
      - Anterior end of Inferior turbinate
- - - - Nasolacrimal duct
        (Valve of Hasner or Plica lacrimalis)
    - - Frontal sinus
      - Ant. Ethmoid sinus
      - Maxillary sinus
    - - Post. Ethmoid sinus
- - - - Ciliated columnar cell
      - Non-ciliated columnar cell
      - Goblet cell
      - Basal cell
- - - - Pituitary gland
      - Optic nerve
    - - :star:Cavernous sinus
      - Internal carotid a
      - CN 3, 4, 6, 5(1), 5(2)
  - - - Maxillary sinus
      - Sphenoid sinus (if อ้าปาก)
    - - Frontal sinus
      - Ethmoid sinus
- - - - ECA
        br into
        
        Facial a.
        
        Superior labial a.
        
        Lateral nasal a.
        
        Angular a.
      - ICA
        Br into
        
        Dorsal nasal a.
        
        External nasal a.
    - - ⇦ Ant. Facial v.
        
        ⇦ Common facial v.
        
        IJV
      - ⇦ Angular v.
        
        ⇦ Inf. Ophthalmic v.
        
        Cavernous sinus
      - ⇦ Ant. Facial v.
        
        ⇦ Infraorbital v.
        
        ⇦ Pterygoid venous plexus
        
        Cavernous sinus
      - Danger triangle of Face
        as no valves so infection can spread to all
    - - Lympathic vv. around Ant. Facial v.
        ⇨ Submandibular nodes
  - - - ⇦ ECA
        
        Ophthalmic a.
        
        Ant. & Post. Ethmoidal a.
        
        Supraorbiral & Supratrochlear a.
      - ⇦ ICA
        
        Internal maxillary a.
        
        :star: Sphenopalatine a. :star:
        
        Descending palatine a.
        
        Infraorbital, Posterosuperior alveolar, Anterosuperior alveolar a.
        
        Pharyngeal a.
        
        Superior labial a.
      - Kisselbach’s plexus/ Little’s area
        
        Anterior ethmoid (ICA)
        
        Superior labial a (Facial)
        
        Sphenopalatine a (IMAX)
        
        Greater palatine a (IMAX)
      - Woodruff’s plexus
        
        Sphenopalatine a.(pharyngeal & nasal branches) (IMAX)
        
        Posterior ethmoid (ICA)
    - - ⇦ Supratrochlear/supraorbital/Ant&Post ethmoidal v.
        
        ⇦ Ophthalmic v.
        
        Cavernous sinus
      - ⇦ SP/Alveolar/Palatine v,
        
        ⇦ Maxillary v.
        
        ⇦ Posterior facial v.
        
        ⇦ Common facial v.
        
        IJV
    - - Ant. 1/3 of nasal cavity,
        Frontal, Maxillary, Ant. Ethmoid
        
        Lympathic vv around Ant. Facial v.
        ⇨ Submandibular nodes
      - Post. 2/3 of nasal cavity,
        Post. Ethmoid, Sphenoid
        
        Retropharyngeal nodes (Node of Rouviere)
- - - - Superior cervical gg.
      - Supply blood vv. #
      - Vasoconstriction ⇨ :arrow_down: nasal airway resistance
    - - Pterygopalatine gg,
      - Supply blood vv & nasal gl. #
      - Vasodilatation & Glandular secretion
- - - - Adjust Temp & Humidify Air
      - Filter air & Protect Lower airway
        
        Mucous blanket (dust > 4 micron)
        
        Sol layer
        (preciliary layer)
        
        Gel layer
        (mucous layer)
        
        Nasal mucociliary clearance
        
        Cilia ส่วนต้น ⇨ พัดออกนอกจมูก
        
        Cilia ส่วนหลัง ⇨ พัดลงคอ
        
        Prolonged mucociliary transport time
        
        Infection
        
        Dehydration
        
        Trauma
        
        Atrophic rhinitis
        
        Cystic fibrosis
        
        Lysozyme, Lactoferrin, oxidized form of Thiocyanate, IgA, IgG
        
        Bacteria flora (S. Viridans)