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Cell Adaptations (Background (Tissues adapt to chronic injury through…
Cell Adaptations
Background
Tissues adapt to chronic injury through different adaptive mechanisms, depending on the injury and cell type
Changes such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia can increase the function of the tissue (positive adaptations)
Cells may shrink with subsequent diminished function, but avoids cell death (negative impact)
A change in cell type (metaplasia) likely decreases function, but may offer greater protection to underlying tissues
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Hypertrophy
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As a stand alone adaptation it is observed mainly in organs made of of predominantly terminally differentiated/post mitotic cells (heart, skeletal muscle)
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Atrophy
Decrease in the mass of a tissue or organ due to decreased size and/or number of cells after it has reached its normal size
Cell shrinkage is associated with autophagy (senescent organelles are fused with lysosome and degraded by hydrolases)
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Aplasia
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Usually a complete absence of cell type, organ, or tissue (agenesis)
Usually incompatible with life unless it is a paired organ (kidney, ovary, testis) or skin where it may be segmental
Dysplasia
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Hyperplasia with atypical cell shape, size, and orientation in fully developed tissues
Disordered growth of tissues due to chronic irritation without an apparent host advantage (can be precursor to malignant neoplasia)
Neoplasia
Abnormal, uncontrolled, and clonal proliferation of cells
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