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Krupa 4 Art and the Human Body (Modernism and the 20th Century to WWII…
Krupa 4 Art and the Human Body
Mannerism (Italy)
Jacapo da Pontormo
Deposition
c.1528/Oil on Wood/313x192cm/Cappella Capponi/Santa Felicita/Florence
No parametal construction
Bodies are elongated and curvilinear
Parmigianino
Madonna dal Collo Lungo
1534-1540/Oil on Panel/216x132 cm/Galleria degli Uffizi/Florence
Recession, virgin’s legs and hips are huge
The baby is huge
Everything is elongated
Attempt at making figures look elegant
Michelangelo
Victory
1532-1534/Marble Height 261cm/Palazzo Vecchio/Florence
Elongated with a classical body, dynamism and muscle definition
Big hips, tiny head = mannerist
Designed to be walked around, multiple figures in a spiral = Figura Serpentina
Giovanni da Bologna
Rape of the Sabines
1581-1583/Marble/Height 410 cm/Loggia dei Lanzi/Florence
Figura Serpentina 3 figures
All about movement
Benvenuto Cellini
Perseus
1545-1554/Bronze/Loggia dei Lanzi/Florence
David Tradition, but noo
Pronounced controppssto
Something dynamic about it, walking about in victory ?
The Baroque
Bernini
David
1623-1624/Marble/Height 170cm/Galleria Borghese/Rome
The face is a self-protirat, a mirror was held up for Bernini to sculpt his face
Passion, Emotion, Movement, Energy
Diagonals
Polishing made the marble look like skin
Active, Dynamism
The Rape of Proserpine
1621-1622/Marble/Height 295cm/Galleria Borghese/Rome
Pluto and Proserpina and the three headed guardian of hell
Made marble looks soft
The fingernails are prefect, and a mole on his back
The faces are still not that real - only interested in the bodies
Apollo and Daphne
Marble/Height 234 cm/Borghese Gallery/Rome
Apollo chasing Daphne
The whole thing is made up of movement and it is made up of diagonals
All out a single lump of marble, the leaves look delicate, light shines throne
The skin looks real and smooth
The Ecstasy of Saint Therese
1647-1652/Marble/Cappella Cornaro/Santa Maria della Vittoria/Rome
Penetrated by an arrow, the writing almost seems sexual
Conveying religious ecstasy by using sexual ecstasy
Movement, Light, Emotion
Caravaggio
Bacchus
c.1596/Oil on Canvas/95x85cm/Galleria degli Uffizi/Florence
A street kid who’s been dresses up. Rough hands and face
No intention to make the body look ideal
Brilliant painter of glass
Judith Beheading Holofernes
c.1598/Oil on Canvas/145x195cm/Galleria Nazional d’Arte/Antica/Rome
Violent a graphic violence that hasn’t been seen in art until now
Prostitute off the street that used to be his mistress
Human body shown as is
Dramatic movement and realism
The Crucifixion of Saint Peter
1600/Oil on Canvas/230x175cm/Cerasi Chapel/Santa Maria del Popolo/Rome
Looks like a struggle and not only for the person being crucified
The baldness ?? Sometimes you don’t see often during this time and before
The Incredulity of Saint Thomas
1601-1602/Oil on Canvas/107x146cm/Sanssouci/Potsdam
Working people modeled
Realistic
The Death of the Virgin
1606/Oil on Canvas/369x245cm/Musee du Louvre/Paris
Commissioned for a Church in Rome
Rejected
The body of a prostitute that was dragged out of the river was used to model for the virgin
Flagellation
c.1607/Oil on Canvas/390x260cm/Museo Nazionale di Capodimonte/Naples (loan)
Greek looking body but in a completely different context
Jusepe de Ribera
Martyrdom of St. Bartholomew
1630/Oil on Canvas/234x234cm/Museo del Prado/Madrid
Violence
Realism
The use of the nude to represent pain and suffering
Diego Velazquez
Very best painter in the Western tradition. The Girls in Waiting the consistently voted the best painting ever created. Used dashes and blobs to create the painting, looks real the further away one is. He had been to Naples that had been under Spanish control, and was strongly influenced by Caravaggio's works
The Waterseller of Seville
1623/Oil on Canvas/106.7x81cm/Wellington Museum/London
Figures are working class people - seen on the wear of the face
Posture represents that he is dignified despite the rough being of the street people
The Forge of Vulcan
1630/Oil on Canvas/223x290cm/Museo del Prado/Madrid
Point at which Hermes is telling Valcan that his wife is having an affair with Aries
The people don’t look godly at all, just normal people going about their business
Genre painting (popular in Holland)
Series of nudes, celebrating the dignity of the working men (not fully because Spanish court was strict)
Contrapposto
The classic back view of the legs
Figures are much more realistic compared to Michelangelo’s
Hermes is completely different than the blacksmiths, almost like he doesn’t belong in the painting
Equestrian Portrait of Philip iV
1635-1636/Oil on Canvas/301x314cm/Museo del Prado/Madrid
Glorifying a weak ruler
One of the first equestrian portraits
Venus at her Mirror
1649-1651/Oil on Canvas/122.5x177cm/National Gallery/London
Reclining female nude, backside view - mildly erotic
The mirror is falsely positioned so the viewer can view the face
The brush work is quite loose, the style is changing at this point
Peter Paul Rubens
Flemish painter, living in the once biggest port in the world. Painting becomes more radical as the painters age. Follower of Michelangelo, made fun of Caravaggio
Raising of the Cross (Center Panel)
1610/Oil on Panel/460x340cm/O,-L, Vrouwekathedraal/Antwerp
Flash of light influenced by Caravaggio but mainly Michelangelo
Explored the different contrition that the human body can assume
The brush work is tight, cannot see
Full of dynaisms, corner to corner
Allegory on the Blessing of Peace
1629-1630/Oil on Canvas/203.5x298cm
Fashion changed towards body shape - overweight is back in
Flashes of light
Positive benefits of good government and peace
Rich, warm tones
The Consequences of War
1637-1638/Oil in Canvas/206x342cm/Galleria Palatina (Palazzo Pitti)/Florence\
What happens in times of conflict
Fleshy is good
Nude is carrying on even though the body image has completely changed
Even more dramatic dynamism
Dull, cold tones
Francois Boucher
Most popular painter in France before the French Revolution. Tended to paint scenes from Mythology and they’re very pink.
Europa and the Bull
Mildly eroctic, lots of women
Relaxed bodies
Sentimental, puffy clouds, all about having a good time
Odalisque
Women in a Hareem
Eroctic Ideal of the time
Lady is ample, and rosy cheeked
Neo-Classical and Romantic
Started as a reaction against Baroque art, and predated Romantic art but then ended up continuing side by side. Official art of the French revolution and the revolutionary period following. Neoclassical artist believed that they needed to go back to the source. Romantic painting all about color and emotion.
FRANCE
Jacques-Louis David
Primer artist, involved in the French Revolution , a powerful politician and the artistic vice of the revolution. Did not want his brush strokes seen.
The Oath of the Horati
1784/Oil on Canvas/130x167.25in/Musee du Louvre/Paris
Fluffiness disappears, return to the hard and simple art
Taking oath to defend Rome or to die - state before yourself
Bodies kind of look like the human version of swords
Curvilinear women and men are hard and angular
Understated, but tremendous rendition
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres
Pupil of Jacques-Louis David, one of the greatest free-hand painters
La Grande Odalisque
1814/Oil on Canvas/Musee du Louvre/Paris
Reclining Nude
Made for the male viewer, puts the viewer in the position as if they were involved
Erotism is kind obivious, subtle suggestions
Brushwork is invisible, and detail is amazing
Mannerist, the body elongates as it recedes backwards, torso is too long though
Theodore Gericault
First romantic painter, started the movement. Fame rest on one large canvas. Sketched dead bodies at the morgue.
The Raft of the Medusa
1819/Oil on Canvas/491x716cm/Musee du Louvre/Paris
Political painting
Washed in in a stormy color, took from the Venetians
Goes to the Dynamism from the Baroque period. Contorted, Dying, and Moaning
Gives the prominent position to an African man, a step forward.
Eugene Delacroix
Great French Romantic Painter.
The Death of Sardanapal
1827/Oil on Canvas/392x496cm/Musee du Louvre/Paris
Full of bright colors and movement suggests passion and emotion
Loose and expressive brushwork
Hareem ladies all have extreme emotion of their faces
The body is suggestive, because of the brushwork
Liberty Leading the People
1830/Oil on Canvas/260x325/Musee du Louvre/Paris
Political Painting, storming a barricade led by citizen soldiers
Very Heroic, filled with positive vibes
The French women, heroic sexy symbole - physically it’s suggestive
Filled with Atmosphere
USA
John Singleton Copley
America’s first great neoclassical painter.
Paul Revere
1768-1770/Oil on Canvas/87.5x71.5cm/Museum of Fine Arts/Boston
Looks like Jack Black
Political Propaganda
Self-made man holding a silver teapot (he was a silversmith)
Hidden brushstrokes, the table has a freaking sheen omg
SPAIN
Francisco de Goya
Complicated artist and wide-ranging arts. Painter of the Royal Family even though he hated these people. Towards the end of his life he was devastated when France taking over Spain didn’t reach his expectations.
The Nude Maja
1800/Oil on Canvas/97x190cm/Museo del Prado
Engages the viewer almost with proportion
Every detail is suggestive
Family of Carlos IV
1800-1801/Oil on Canvas/280x336cm/Museo del Prado/Madrid
Goya’s revenge everyone looks rather plump
The people all look plain like they don’t have anything special to them even though they’re royals
Saturn
c. 1821-1823/146x83cm/Oil on plaster remounted on canvas/Museo del Prado/Madrid
Reference to a brutal myth
Using a Greek Myth to make a point
Spiritual Malaise suggested
Realism
FRANCE
Gustave Courbet
If you can’t see it with your eyes don’t paint it. His realism supported the ordinary people
The Painter’s Studio; A Real Allegory
1855/Oil on Canvas/11’10.25”x19’7.5”/Musee d’Orsay/Paris
Self-Portrait, he used to drink a lot so he was fat once he was middle-aged
He rejects classical nudes - because he wants to show the world how it actually is
Back turned to the rich and facing the ordinary people because he wanted them to be attracted to his art
Honore Daumier
Transnonian Street
1834/Lithography/Association of the Lovers of Honore Daumier
Dead lady, man, old man, and baby under the man
Modern News photograph ??? - this was a real massacre
Political Propaganda - make the viewer mad
Head cut off (Japanese prince influence) - a slice of life
Eduard Manet
Le Dejeuner sur L’Herbe
1863/Oil on Canvas/214x269cm/Musee d’Orsay/ Paris
Painting was banned. Because of the contemporary setting
Introduced color patch painting
Olympia
1863/Oil on canvas/51x74in/Musee d’Orsay/Paris
Instead of a dog it’s a cat
Flowers are from a suitor but the lady is most likely a prostitute
Rejecting the modeling and shaping that give detailing
Auguste Renior
Bathers (Les Baignesuses)
c.1918/Oil on Canvas/26.5x32in/The Barnes Foundation/Merion/Pennsylvania
Takes ladies from Rubens
Everything is red and huge, traditional classical but the style is completely modern
Happiness
Auguste Rodin
Greatest sculpture since the Baroque. He is a realist, his sculpture is expressive. Greatest sculptor in Clay, probably ever.
The Age of Bronze
1876/Musee D’Orsay/Paris
Typical Rodin sculpture = all about body language
Finished bronze in black semi-gloss, allowed for a rougher finish that create reflections and shadows
The Thinker
1880/Bronze/68.6x89.4x50.8cm
Originally supposed to be a part of another project
The feet are gripped at the stump, all the positioning exceeds melancholiness
The Burghers of Calais
1884-1886/Bronze/82.5x95x78in
The English would spare the citizens if the Burghers (merchants) would come out and willingly sacrifice themselves, but they were allowed to live after they saw the King
5 different characters that exhibit different ways of manifesting despair
The hands seem too big
The Kiss
1886/Marble/87x51x55cm/Musee Rodin/Paris
Designed to go on his gates of hell project that was never finished
The texture and the bodies are much more lie classical greek and roman sculpture
More heartwarming than it is erotic
Paolo and Francesca - represented in a sympathetic way
Balzac
Plaster Model/1893-1897/Musee D’Orsay
Commemorative sculpture to their “Charles Dickens”
Not a close physical likeness = tried to convey a monumental massiveness just like Blaza was in society during his time
Less realistic more about conveying an idea
Henri de Toulouse Lautrec
Post Impressionist. Little in common with the Impressionist expect for one big thing; the shift away from realism, now sculpting how they feel.
La Goulue Arriving at the Moulin Rouge with Two Women
1892/Oil on Cardboard/79.4x59cm/The Museum of Modern Art/New York
Captures the half-world (Slums in modern terms)
Painting of a prostitute, the lighting looks kind of fluorescent
Expression she’s probably drunk or high she’s being supported by two ladies
Captured the pythos of existence
Not realistic, but convey emotion
Outline in black and figures on the side are cut off (Japanese influence)
The Toilette
1896/26.5x21.25 in/Musee D’Orsay/Paris
Pastels, captured the lives of the people in the brothel in their everyday moments
Wanted to convey the sadness of the women, how are in a sense oppressed therefore, sad hence the color
Paul Gauguin
Very unpleasant individual. Weekend painter and a hedge fund manager. Obsessed with people who lived outside the industrial world. Had a lot of underaged mistresses
Nevermore
1897/Oil on Canvas/Courtauld Institute/London
Nude of a young girl
Represent a primal state of innocence = purer, more perfect way of life
Colors found in the south pacific
Paul Cezanne
Woods with Millstone
1898-1900/Oil on Canvas/29 x 36.25 in/Collection Mrs. Carroll S. Tyson/ Philadelphia
Landscape
Thought everything could be reduced to a geometrical frame, that is permanent
Painted paint in planes, in different angles to suggest depth
Large Bathers
1899-1906/Oil on Canvas/82x98 in/Philadelphia Museum of Art
Brought sensibility to his nudes that he brought to his landscapes = human bodies reduced to shapes
He was shy so he could not paint live nudes
Modernism and the 20th Century to WWII
Henri Matisse
First painter to completely use color in a non-realistic way
Dance (First Version)
Oil on Canvas/1909/Museum of Modern Art/New York
Attempting to convey movement
Primal importance of dance = dancing is more primal than reproduction
Everything stripped down to its essence
Large Reclining Nude
Oil on Canvas/1935
Everything is stripped down to its essence
Huge lines
Perspective is all wrong
Represents womanhood
Pablo Picasso
Changed the view of space in art. Work went through a number of staged but always seemed to return to cubism.
The Tragedy
1903/Oil on Wood/The National Gallery of Art/Washington D.C.
After his move to Paris, and everything in his life was going downhill
BLUE PERIOD
On a beach with nothing going on and everything i introspective
Long and thin bodies enhancing the sadness
Accurate faces, but the physical details aren't there
Les Demoiselles d’Avignon
1907/Oil on Canvas/The Museum of Modern Arts/New York
Prostitutes
African Masks, as faces.
The space they inhabit is not 3D but fragmented
Art changes with this painting, proto-cubism !!
Portrait of Ambroise Vollard
1910/Oil on Canvas/The Pushkin Museum of Fine Art/Moscow
Classic cubism work
Head of a Woman
Bronze/1901/La COunty Museum of Art
Cubist ideal on sculpture v. painting
Combining different perspectives into one view (like a fly)
Women Running on the Beach
1922/Oil on Plywood/Musee Picasso/Paris
Trying to paint the southern mediterranean with primal figures
The figures are monumental and full of movement
Guernica
1937/Oil on Canvas/Museo del Prado/Madrid
The most famous and powerful modern paintings in response to warfare
Aerial bombardment of civilians, first example
Cubism technique to display the chaos and destruction of war
Umberto Boccioni
Part of a group called the futurist, that followed a poet, who believed in the power of machine and believed that art should come to terms with machines.
Unique Form of Continuity in Space
1913/Bronze/126.4x89x40.6cm/Private Collection/Rome
Modernist sculpture of a human body
Walking? Lunging? Something dynamic and powerful
Cyborg type thing synthesis between mechanical and organic
Facesit Image, human body that is amoral, without a personality
Dynamism of a Soccer Player
1913/Oil on Canvas/193.2x201cm/Museum of Modern Art/New York
Meant to be a player performing on the field
Marcel Duchamp
Modernist that adopted lots of styles. Used cubism as well.
Nude Descending a Staircase
(No. 2)/1912/Oil on Canvas/Philadelphia Museum of Art
Shows the influence of photography on art in the human body
Based upon a sequence of photographs of a woman walking down a staircase in the nude
Trying to show multiple moments in time as one moment
Emil Nolde
German Painter
St. Mary among the Sinners
Oil on Canvas/1912
Corruption of modern life in Germany
Not realistic, personal response
Edward Hopper
American Painting, painted the American life
Hotel Room
1931/Oil on Canvas/60x65in/Thyssen Bornemisza Collection
Lady whos reading a book, in a crowded room, that’s lonely
Stripped down to bare bone simplicity
Bright Light and everything is in relief
Nighthawks
1942/Oil on Canvas/30x60in/The Art Institute of Chicago
Suggesting lack of interaction even between the couple
There’s a lot of empty space
Feeling of vulnerability people inside can’t see in the dark but outside can see inside
Thomas Hart Benton
Contemporary, who lived in Missouri. American Folklore paintings.
The Ballad of the Jealous Lover
1934/Egg Tempera and Oil on Canvas/42.25x53.25in/Spencer Museum of Art/University of Kansas
Distorted figures, and the landscape is heaving
Everything is in a state of motion
Grant Wood
American Gothic
1930/Oil on Board/The Art Institute of Chicago
Photographical real
People are an embodiment of the pitchfork
Wanted the viewer to feel respect for the people
Uses traditions from realism and optical reality
Diego Rivera
Opposite end the spectrum than Wood. He was a socialist, married to Frida Kahlo.
Night of the Rich
1928/Fresco/Courtyard of the Fiestas/Ministry of Education/Mexico City
Figures are deriving from Aztec and Mayan art. Blocky and Simple
Revolutionaries are Native American
Split between the rich and the poor physically seen n the painting
The Flower Carrier
1935/Oil and Tempera on Masonite/48 x 47.75in/San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
Draws heavily on Mayan Art
Political Painting - flower petals for the people of wealth
In supplying the wealthy the poor are being weighed down and exploited
Bancusi, Constantin (1876-1957)
Experimental Sculpture
The Kiss
The Philadelphia Museum/1916/Limestone
Carved out of a single block
Very prehistoric look
Picture of togetherness, very symmetrical
The Muse
Marble/1912/Guggenheim
Picture of a concept rather than a individual
Primal inspirational force - female
Jacob Epstein
The Rock Drill
Bronze/1913-1915
Human beings in the industrial age
Machines are dehumanizing, cyborg type thing going on
Humans in a type of insect shell. The “bionic man”
Hard and Angular
Day
St. James’ Park Underground/Limestone/1928-1929
Art Deco
Jacob and the Angel
Alabaster/1940-1941/Tate
Mesoamerican influence
Jacob being held up by the angel
Metaphor for the jewish people
Figures are reduced to simple, blocky figures
The muscles are monumental
Alberto Giacometti
Man Pointing
Bronze/1947/Tate Modern
Elongated and thin
Intended to convey anxiety and the fragility of the human form
Henry Moore
Recumbent Figure
Limestone/1938/Tate Britain
Reclining women
Meant to represent the fertility and earthy femininity
Venus of willendorf, suggested just like this
Reclining Figure: Bone Skirt
Designed to be touched and felt
Bronze/1977-1979
Jeff Koons
Pink Panther
1988//Glazed Porcelain
Talking things that people wouldn’t call art and putting them into museum, he’s being proactive
That is why his art is so controversial
“What is art?”
Eroctic but not that eroctic so it’s publically accepted
