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Trichomoniasis (PATHOGENIC MICROBIOLOGY (Epidemiology (Malaysia…

- - - - smeeling vaginal discharge-white,gray,yellow
      - genital redness,burning and itching
      - pain in urination
      - pain when sexual intercouse
    - - itching or irritation inside the penis
      - burning after urination or ejaculation
      - discharge from penis
      - urgue to urinate frequently
  - - - In rare cases, T.vaginalis can be found in semen in urine or even in the swimming pool after hours of expansion
  - - - Run by Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre
        
        Results
        
        The median age was 32 years, with an interquartile interval of 9.96. Most of the subjects were Malays (76.9%) and the remaining were Chinese (15.1%), Indians (2.2%) and other ethnic groups (5.8%). One hundred and thirty eight (99.3%) of the women were married and 98.6% had less than 6 children. More than half (75.5%) of the women's last child birth was less than 6 years ago. Forty seven percent of them were involved in supporting administrative work and 64.7% of the women gave a history of previous or current vaginal discharge.
        
        Conclusion
        
        The present study reported zero incidence rate of trichomoniasis. The low incidence rate was postulated due to all women who participated in this study were categorized into a low-risk group.
        
        Method
        
        A total of 139 high vaginal swabs were taken from the subjects and sent to the laboratory in Amies gel transport media. The specimens were examined for the presence of Trichomonas vaginalis using wet mount, Giemsa staining and cultured in Diamond's medium. Sociodemographic characteristics and gynaecological complaints were obtained in private using structured questionnaire applied by one investigator.
      - In Malaysia, there little cases or report has been made but is still possible for all three major ethnic groups
  - - - Pills consumption by mouth
      - Safe for pregnant women
      - Treated patient can be reinfected. To avoid getting reinfected, make sure that all your sex partners has undergone the treatment
      - Wait for 7-10 days after getting treatment to have sex again
      - Single dose of prescription antibiotic medication
      - Metronidazole - 2 g orally in a single dose (recommended)
        Tinidazole - 2 g orally in a single dose (recommended)
        Metronidazole - 500 mg orally twice a day for 7 days (alternative)
- - - - neutrophils and vaginal cytokine protein (interleukin-1 beta) increases
      - anti inflammatory mediators (leukocyte protease inhibitor) decreases
      - Increase in nitrogen intermediates production
    - - increase in IgA,IgG, t-lymphocytes (th-1 cytokines) & increase in production of nitrogen intermediates
      - However immunity won't last long
      - this is due to T.vaginalis that have cystein proteases and the cystein proteases in the vaginal secretion degrades the antibody
      - the cystein proteases induces apoptosis in the vaginal epithelial cell.
  - - - circulating antibodies to T.vaginalis by:
        
        complement fixation
        
        fluorescent antibody
        
        agglutination
        
        ELISA
        
        rapid
        
        sensitive
        
        employ affinity purified rabbit anti-T.vaginalis antibodies
        
        in sandwich configuration
    - - Direct wet-mount of fresh material and culture techniques are the most widely used techniques
- - - - Rubino et al found a 2.3 Kb T vaginalis DNA fragment in all strains obtained from diverse geographic areas.
        
        used this clone as a probe for the detection of T vaginalis DNA in vagina
        
        probe was specific for T vaginalis DNA
        
        not react with other microbial flora of the vaginal tract, and was as sensitive as culture.
    - - to target a well-conserved region in the beta-tubulin genes of T. vaginalis
      - All strains (15 of 15) of T. vaginalis tested were successfully detected by PCR giving a single predicted product of 112 bp in gel electrophoresis
      - An optimal analytical sensitivity of one T. vaginalis organism per PCR was achieved