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Macromolecules Samantha_Lavan_Block2_MM1 (Lipids (Building Blocks…
Macromolecules Samantha_Lavan_Block2_MM1
Lipids
Elements (3H:1P:4O)
Building Blocks
glycerol molecules
fatty acid molecules
hydrocarbons
Function
energy storage
cushions vital organs
insulates the body
Phospholipids
negative electron charge
phosphate groups
hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail
hydrophilic head
arranged in a similar bilayer
major components of cell membranes
Steroids
carbon skeleton made of 4 fused rings
cholesterol is common in cell membranes
vertebrate sex hormones are made of cholesterol
Proteins
Elements: (2C:4H:1N)
Building blocks
Amino Group
Carboxyl group
alpha-carbon
Function
speeds up chemical reactions
Enzymes
regulates metabolism
acts as a catalyst
speed up chemical reactions in the cell
keep cell running by carrying out the processes of life
structural support
primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary(only if it has two or more polypeptide chains)
primary structure: long chain, 127 amino acids long
secondary structure: coiled or folded because of H-bonds. (alpha helix) made up of beta sheets
tertiary structure: hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, and ionic bonds keep it's structure
quaternary structure: made of four polypeptides with two alpha and two beta chains
denaturation is when a protein is biologically inactive
chaperonin help with the folding of a protein
strorage
transport
cellular communication
movement
defense against foreign substance
antibodies fight against substances that enter the body
enzymes recognize the bind to the substrate and works on the substance
Polypeptides
20 amino acids
amino acid monomers
asymmetric carbon atoms called alpha carbons
exists as pH in a cell
grouped based on side chains that are hydro-phillic
can be basic or acidic side chains
carry carboxyl groups
Amino Acid Polymers
dehydration reaction can be caused by an enzyme
bonded by peptide bond
one end has a polypeptide the other is a free amino acid group
Carbohydrates
Elements 1C:2H:1O
Building Blocks
monosaccharides
glucose
fructose
galactose
NA glucamine (contains Nitrogen)
Function
used to synthesize other macromolecules
short term energy source
structural support
cellulose
beta glucose
straight polymer linked by H-bonds
plant cell walls
straight polymer
unbranched
Chitin
NA glutamine
straight polymer linked by H bonds
straight polymer
unbranched
building material for cell wall
hardens when combined with calcium carbonate
Peptoglycan
NA glutamine
straight polymers linked by covalent peptide bond H between amino acid side chains
straight polymer
unbranched
bacterial cell wall
Short Term Energy Storage
plant starches
amylose
alpha glucose
helical polymer
branched polymer
amylopectin
alpha glucose monomer
helical polymer
branched polymer
Anima glycogen
alpha glucose monomers
helical polymers
branched polymers
Nucleic Acids
Elements
nitrogen, carbon and phophorous oxygen
Building blocks
deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)
0ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Function
DNA provides directions for own replication
RNA controls synthesis
structure
consists of polymers called polynucleotides
consists of monomers called nucleotides
Nucleotide Monomers
pyrimidine: six membered ring of carbonated nitrogen atoms
made of cytosine, thymine, and uracil
Purines
six member ring
adenine and guanine
DNA double helix
gives the antiparallel structure