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Cold War Revision SOI: Incompatible ideologies create conflict,…

- - - - An economic and political system where a country’s industry and media are controlled by private companies for profit rather than the government
      - Free market exists
      - Companies compete against each other to make as much profit as possible
      - People have incentives to work for others to gain income and take care of family
      - Those who work harder or have more abilities gain more income than those who cannot
      - Social & Economic Hierarchy
        
        Wealthy at the top (a small portion of the entire human population)
        
        Middle-class
        
        Working-class
        
        Unemployed
      - However, those who cannot compete or do not have the ability to work are classified as under-working class or the unemployed population. Under capitalism, they are poor and cannot have healthy living conditions unlike the wealthy.
        
        Why might the government of the US feel threatened if its people heard about the way of life in the East?
        
        Many people are depending on welfare to survive since they are unemployed and do not have a decent amount of wealth nor a healthy living environment
        
        Consequently, those people want to have some amount of wealth and will be happy to receive some income
        
        Disadvantages of capitalism entice the poor to move to communist countries like the Soviet Union where everyone is paid equally
        
        United States threatened on a social & economical level
      - Private firms control the factors of production and their income goes towards the companies and workers, not the government.
      - It exists in a democratic state where many parties are allowed to stand for elections.
      - Fewer limits on civil rights
      - Capitalist Superpower during Cold War
        
        United States (US)
    - - A system where all properties and income are owned by the government, therefore private companies do not exist and all the income are redistributed to the people equally.
      - Free market does not exist
      - Companies are owned by government thereby no incentives to make profit for themselves
      - Heavy limits on civil rights
      - Social & Economic Hierarchy still exists
        
        Powerful & wealthy work in government departments
        
        Working-class
      - However, since people have no incentives to work harder, the economy weakens and people’s living conditions weaken as well.
        
        Therefore, those who pursue better lifestyles and prefer working hard than living with equally distributed income may want to leave communist countries.
        
        Why might the government of the Soviet Union feel threatened if its people heard about the way of life in the West?
        
        People will want to run their own businesses to become richer (private firms)
        
        Want to protest about topics that should be addressed in the government (civil rights)
        
        Want to uncensor news and disclose government conspiracies
        
        Benefits of capitalism entice people to move to the West
        
        Soviet Union feels threatened on a social & economical level
        
        Weak economy which leads to poor living conditions
      - Although communism is an ideology that is adopted by many countries in the world, some government officials are still corrupt and therefore money is not distributed equally, but rather collected by authorities themselves.
        
        Therefore communism is still not practiced at its fullest extent.
      - A one-party state, only the Communist Party is allowed for elections.
      - Media is owned by government
      - Communist Superpower during Cold War
        
        Union of Soviets Socialist Republics (USSR)
- - - - Worked together and created two fronts for Germany that eventually ended in the latter's defeat
  - - - Western Allies started to improve west Germany’s infrastructure and economy after WWII
      - Stalin feared if Germany becomes wealthy again another figure like Hitler would step up and instigate WWIII
      - Conflict between incompatible ideologies
      - 1948: Soviets blocked off connections between west Germany and West Berlin to prevent supplies going into West Berlin
      - Increased tension between East & West
      - People of Berlin faced starvation and poor living conditions with limited fuel and electricity, putting their health at risk and generated hate for the Soviets in East Berlin.
      - Solution: US, UK & France dropped off food and supplies by air (Berlin Airlift 1948-49)
      - 1949: Soviet Union lifted the blockade; supplies were once again transported by land
      - However, this event further escalated the mistrust between the US and Soviet Union.
      - Interacted positively when they defeated Germany from both sides
      - Interacted negatively when they realized their beliefs and national interests were incompatible, which led to the Berlin Blockade.
    - - Freed from Japanese control after WWII
      - Both leaders from North & South Korea would not accept the border that divided them
      - June 25, 1950: North Korean forces marched over 38th parallel & conquered Seoul
      - Truman was concerned about spread of communism (domino effect/Truman Doctrine) and joined the war from UN’s approval to contain communism
      - Pushed back across the 38th parallel to capture Pyongyang and border of communist China (led by General Douglas MacArthur)
      - Jan. 1951: Chinese reinforcements helped North Korea capture Seoul again
      - June: More UN reinforcements; drove North Korea back to border
      - New elected president Eisenhower sought to end the war and signed armistice on July 27, 1953.
      - Demilitarized zone established on the 38th parallel
      - North Korea became communist state while South Korea became more capitalist
    - - Cuba became allies with Soviet Union and became communist with Fidel Castro as leader
      - US tried to invade Cuba at Bay of Pigs to turn in Cuban exiles and to contain communism but failed (1961)
      - Nikita Khrushchev placed missiles in Cuba as retaliation for US missiles in Turkey and Italy; but also wanted to control West Berlin.
      - Oct. 14: U2 airplane flew over Cuba and spotted the missiles, took photos and showed them to JFK
      - Long-range missiles could reach almost every US city including DC
      - Oct. 19: Formed a blockade line around Cuba to prevent more Soviet missiles coming in
      - Kennedy publicly announced the crisis on TV and everyone was in a state of extreme worry
      - Oct. 26: US moved to DEFCON 2 and was ready for all-out war
      - Situation at a stalemate
      - Oct. 26: Khrushchev sent letter to Kennedy and proposed to retrieve the missiles in Cuba as long as the US retrieved theirs from Italy & Turkey
      - Oct 27: Both sides agreed to take their missiles away and leave Cuba alone, preventing a nuclear war that could devastate everyone on Earth.
    - - 1954: Vietnam divided into two sides: Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North) & Republic of Vietnam (South)
      - North Vietnam followed communist ideology while South Vietnam followed capitalist ideology
      - 1955: Vietnam War begins
      - Several communist groups created in South Vietnam known as Viet Cong
      - US wanted to contain the spread of communism in Southeast Asia but Eisenhower decided not to deploy troops to Vietnam
      - 1964: Gulf of Tonkin Incident where USS Maddox fired three warning shots and was attacked by Vietnamese ships; created opportunity for new president Lyndon B. Johnson to escalate their involvement in the war without declaring it.
      - 1965: US sent first ground troops to South Vietnam to help defeat the communists
      - US troops had hard time battling North Vietnamese army due to harsh weather conditions and surprise attacks from guerilla groups
      - Protests occurred once the citizens found out that Johnson was lying about the situation in Vietnam and thousands of people were killed in the war.
      - Johnson’s credibility plummeted which led to the election of new president Richard Nixon
      - 1969: Nixon began to withdraw troops from South Vietnam
      - 1973: Paris Accords signed and US ended its involvement in the Vietnam War
      - 1975: North Vietnam pushed its forces one more time and captured Saigon, ending the war.
      - 1976: Became the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, the US failed to prevent the spread of communism unlike in Korea.
  - - - Successes
        
        Ordering USSR to withdraw its troops from Iran
        
        Preventing North Korea from taking over South Korea (Korean War)
        
        Calling a ceasefire between Cyprus and Turkey
      - Failures
        
        Not preventing the US in engaging in Vietnam War
        
        Failed to persuade USSR to withdraw its troops in Afghanistan (1979-89)
        
        Iran and Iraq ignored UN ceasefire and continued fighting for eight years (1980-88)