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Blood Vessels (Cardiovascular regulation (Hormones/endocrine regulation…

- - - - angiotensin II
      - erythropoietin (EPO)
      - antidiuertic hormone (ADH)
      - atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
- - - - mesenteric veins
      - splenic vein
      - gastric vein
- - - - higher cellular needs= more elaborate network (brain, muscle)
      - lower cellular needs= less branching
    - - smooth muscles control blood entry into capillary beds
      - metabolic need controls precapillary sphincter "local regulation"
    - - Diffusion
        
        substances include oxygen, CO2, glucose, and hormones
        
        lipid-soluble substances pass directly through endothelial cell membrane
        
        most common
        
        water-soluble substances must pass through gaps between endothelial cells
      - Vesicular transport
      - Bulk Flow
        
        filtration
        
        hydrostatic (blood) pressure pushes small solutes and fluid out of capillary
        
        collid osmotic pressure (osmosis) draws fluid back into capillary
        
        net affect is fluid loss at the beginning of capillary bed but most is regained by the end of the capillary bed
        
        *fluid not regained enters lymphatic vessels
  - - - tunica interna- surrounds lumen and is composed of a layer of endothelium, a basement membrane, and an internal elastic lamina
      - tunica media- the thickest layer composed of smooth muscle cells and elasic fibers
      - tunica externa- the outermost layer composed of elastic fibers and collagen fibers
- - - - 2) cardioinhibitory center stimulated ( a) parasympathetic
      - cardioaccelery center inhibited (a.) sympathetic
      - 1) vasomotor inhibited (dilate)
    - - Cardioinhibitory center inhibited (a.) parasympathetic
      - Cardioaccelery center stimulated
      - Vasomotor stimulated (constrict)
  - - - vasoconstrictors
      - vasodilators
  - - - Nerve impulses are sent to the centers from three areas:
        
        baroreceptors
        
        chemoreceptors
        
        Higher brain centers
  - - - Aldosterone- increases NA+ and water reabsorption in the kidneys
      - Angiotensin II- renin released from kidneys- has four different targets that cause vasoconstriction of arterioles and causes the secretion of aldosterone (ADH and stimulates cardiac output)
      - Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)- posterior pituitary gland increases reabsorption of water by the kidneys (DCT) and causes vasoconstriction of arterioles during diuresis and during hemorrhage
      - EPO- stimulates red blood cell production
      - Epinephrine and norepinephrine- increases CO (rate and force of contraction) and causes vasoconstriction of arterioles
    - - Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)- causes vasodilation of arterioles and promotes the loss of salt and water in urine
      - Histamine- causes vasodilation of arterioles (plays a key role in inflammation)
- - - - permeably to ions, nutrients, organic wastes, dissolved gasses, and water
      - Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure vs. Blood Osmotic Pressure
        
        100 mm Hg (aorta)
        
        35 mm Hg (arterial side capillary)
        
        arterial difference 100 mm Hg - 35 mm Hg= 65 mm Hg
        
        18 mm Hg (venule side of capillary)
        
        2 mm Hg Vena Cava
        
        pressure of veins 18 mm Hg - 2 mm Hg = 16 mm Hg
      - CHP up BOP (arterial side) fluid moves into tissues
      - BOP up CHP (venule side) fluid moves into vessel
      - CHP= BOP no net fluid movement
    - - b. speeding distribution throughout tissues
      - c. assisting the movement of insoluble lipids and tissue proteins
      - a. communication between plasma and interstitial fluid
      - d. Flushing bacterial toxins and chemical stimuli to the lymphatic system
- - - - exchange of nutrients
    - - liver
      - ductus venosus
        
        inferior vena cava
    - - rise from internal iliac arteries
- - - - aneurysm, stroke, myocardial infarction, or blood loss
- - - - peripheral resistance drops
      - capillary flow increases
    - - skeletal muscle contractions
      - increased respiration rate
    - - Frank Starling principle (ventricle reflex)
      - Bainbridge reflex (atrial reflex)
    - - Short term
        
        venous reserve (venoconstriction); slow movin
        
        slow moving blood (liver, bone marrow, and skin)
        
        restore 15-20%
        
        Sympathetic stimulation (major loss of blood)
        
        E, NE, ADH, Renin
        
        blood donation 500 mL 10%
        
        vasomotor enough to restore pressure and flow
      - Long Term
        
        ADH, aldosterone and increased thirst
        
        EPO
      - Shock
        
        confusion and disorientation (no blood to brain)
        
        rapid and weak pulse
        
        pale, cool, and moist skin
        
        no urine
        
        hypotension
        
        drop in blood pH
- - - - liquid will flow from high to low
    - - arterial pressure
      - capillary pressure
      - venous pressure
- - - - blood viscosity- High viscosity: High R: High bp; normally constant, direct relationship
      - Total blood vessel length; high length, high R, high bp; normally constant; direct relationship
      - Blood vessel radius- big radius, low R, low bp; most significant factor in determining blood pressure; indirect relationship
- - - - aortic arch
      - thoracic aorta
      - ascending aorta
      - abdominal aorta
        
        the abdominal aorta terminates at the brim of the pelvis and branches into each leg= common iliac arteries
      - principal branches of the aorta
        
        right coronary (myocardium)
        
        left coronary (myocardium)
      - Branches of the ascending aorta
        
        Brachiocephalic (right side of head and right arm)
        
        Internal carotid a. (brain)
        
        vertebral (cervical vertebrae/skull)
        
        circle of willis
        
        right subclavian
        
        axillary
        
        brachial
        
        radial
        
        ulnar
        
        palmar arches
        
        digital
        
        External carotid a. (scalp)
      - Branches of thoracic aorta
        
        superior phrenics (superior diaphram)
        
        bronchial arteries (bronchi of the lungs)
        
        intercostals (chest muscles)
        
        esophageal arteries
      - Branches of the abdominal aorta
        
        suprarenals
        
        renal arteries
        
        superior mesenteric
        
        gonadal arteries
        
        celiac trunk (artery)
        
        common hepatic
        
        left gastric
        
        splenic artery
        
        inferior mesenteric
        
        inferior phrenics (inferior diaphragm)
      - Branches of common iliac arteries
        
        External Iliac
        
        femoral
        
        popliteal
        
        posterior tibial
        
        plantar arteries
        
        anterior tibial
        
        dorsalis pedis