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Science and Technology (Egs from other countries / general (Amazon Go…

- - - - ceiling-mounted cameras and electronic sensors to identify customers and track their purchases
      - customers must have the Amazon Go app to shop (scan upon entering and leaving)
      - items added to customers' accounts as they're picked off the shelf and deleted when placed back
    - - Allow Amazon to be a more attractive option for people to skip long queues at other supermarkets due to the cashier-less system
        
        major selling point
      - Render human cashiers as useless
        
        might lead to rising unemployment if many places adopt this system and do not train their employees to become higher-skilled
  - - - uses
        
        improve healthcare
        
        Pittsburgh Health Data Alliance used data from various sources (eg medical and insurance records, genetic data) to create personalised healthcare packages for users
        
        responding to natural disasters
        
        built-in accelerometers in smartphones
        
        data gathered by these sensors can detect seismic activity associated with earthquake or volcanic eruption
        
        UN Global Pulse: usage of big data to understand the effect of storms
        
        able to create detailed map of Typhoon Pablo (Philippines 2012) with analysis of thousands of tweets
        
        identify and analyse time uploaded, GPS coordinates and type of damage
        
        preventing crime
        
        Chicago Police Department & Chicago Uni Urban Labs: Hunchlab, geographical prediction tool that uses data modelling to predict risk in specific locations across the city
        
        highlight specific at-risk areas+recommendations for evasive action
        
        used by companies to analyse customers and consumer behaviour
        
        improve customer experience
        
        re-define marketing strategy
      - concerns
        
        data security
        
        various companies have been affected by data breaches
        
        Cathay Pacific (Oct 2018): personal data of 94 million customers were leaked
        
        Facebook & Cambridge Analytics
        
        Up to 87 million Facebook users had their data exposed by Facebook to Cambridge Analytica (political consulting firm) that worked on Trump's campaign
        
        Data was harvested through a Facebook app (quiz)
        
        2 more items...
        
        SingHealth data breach (2018) : 1.5 million patients had their personal data stolen (names, IC, address, gender, race, D.O.B.)
        
        weak system of check and balance
        
        delay in setting up threat protection system
        
        lack of initiative and sharing of information (workplace culture)
        
        the security team's senior manager was reluctant to escalate the detection of suspicious activity to his superiors as he feared the tremendous work that would soon follow
        
        data privacy
        
        2012: Target (USA retailer) knew that a teenage girl was pregnant even before her dad did
        
        Target assigns every customer a Guest ID Number which tracks their credit cards, shopping etc
        
        Data showed that pregnant women were buying the same stuff based on their trimester
        
        unscented lotion
        
        cotton balls
        
        data received from there is analysed by their own statistician
        
        statistician was able to identify around 25 products that could help estimate probability of shopper's pregnancy and also the due date
        
        1 more item...
        
        Target also buys data eg ethnicity, education qualifications etc
  - - - Broad: changing colours and images on ads based on user's likely demographic or gender
      - Specific: providing ads based on signals such as products viewed, current location, social connections, content read etc
    - - Target's pregnancy eg
        
        brings about issue of data privacy, is target actually spying on consumers' lives?
      - Amazon's algorithm
        
        able to suggest products that users might like based on their recent viewings/ purchases
      - Spotify
        
        "Thanks 2016, its been weird" campaign used the amount of data that they had to create billboards with a unique twist targeting at consumers
- - - - DoctorAnywhere: provides video consultations with medical and healthcare professionals through the app
      - MaNaDr: allows patients to have video consultations/ book medical appointments/ have digitalised versions of blood tests
    - - Bring convenience to those who are unable to visit the doctor physically due to health reasons eg paralysis
      - Decrease waiting times at clinic
    - - Easier for people to fake illnesses
        
        Doctors are able to check if patients are truly sick with this method
        
        no physical examinations
      - Lack of transparency over cut of patient fees that go to app providers
        
        DoctorAnywhere takes 1/3 of doctor's fees (S$30 for 10 min consult)
        
        Singapore Medical Council Ethical Code and Guidelines: doctors should pay managed care, insurance and patient referral service providers fees that reflect actual work done
        
        Paying providers so high (help process medical claims) as to constitute fee-splitting is prohibited
      - easier for people to doctor hop
        
        people can have multiple e-consultations with multiple doctors until they get the diagnosis and prescription that they want
        
        worsen factious disorder imposed on self
        
        mental disorder which a person acts as if he has a physical or mental disorder when in truth he has caused the symptoms
        
        further fragmentation of patient records
    - - no
        
        while the convenience of telemedicine cannot be denied, doctors would always need physical face-to-face medical consultations for visual acuity checks, blood tests, blood pressure measurements etc
  - - - National Digital Identity
        
        digital identity system for Singapore residents and businesses to transact digitally with the government
        
        SingPass (2003)
        
        Had 2 step- verification which many found inconvenient
        
        OTP
        
        SMS
        
        SingPass Mobile (2020 onwards)
        
        Users can log in with fingerprint, facial recognition or 6 digit passcode
        
        More convenient with alternative 2-step verification
        
        MyInfo
        
        Allow SingPass users to auto-fill selected personal details onto forms online
        
        Reduce repetitive form filling and the need for users to provide verifying documents
        
        Enhance accuracy and speeds up processes in the government and private sector
      - E-payments
        
        Mainly through PayNow (service for one to send and receive SGD from one bank to another in Singapore via a mobile or personal identification number)
        
        2018: The Singapore Quick Response Code Standard was developed
        
        combine multiple payment QR codes (eg Apple Pay) into a single SGQR code
        
        Greater convenience (one uniform mode of Epayment
        
        Merchants that want to accept Epayment only require 1 QR code
        
        Hawkers do not need to install terminals or pay for wiring to introduce non-cash methods of payment (different payment systems)
        
        more cost effective
      - Smart Nation Sensor Platform
        
        integrated nation-wide sensor platform to improve municipal services, city-level operations, planning and security (all trials)
        
        Drowning detection at pools
        
        computer vision for drowning detection +continuous surveillance of activities in the pool
        
        alert lifeguards and help them to react faster to distressed swimmers
        
        Personal Alert Button
        
        can be used by elderly to call for help when needed
        
        Wireless sensor network
        
        transmit water usage data from smart water meters that help users to access near real-time water usage data and detect water leaks through an app
        
        trial in Punggol (2016); households were able to cut their water consumption by 5% form early leak detection and good water-saving habits
        
        Smart lamp posts
        
        equip lamp posts in Singapore with various capabilities to improve urban planning
        
        environmental sensors to monitor rainfall, humidity, temperature
        
        noise sensors to detect unusually loud sensors
        
        video sensors: can incorporate facial recognition systems
        
        can be use to track where people most frequently use active mobility devices i.e. scooters
        
        1 more item...
        
        respond to road accidents faster? (if near roads)
        
        privacy fears
        
        many fear the platform's potential ability to recognise faces as they believe the govt can use it to look into people's lives
        
        China already plans to have a similar system (social credit system )
      - Smart Urban Mobility
        
        Autonomous vehicles
        
        greater convenience for the elderly and immobile (can leave home by themselves)
        
        lesser congestion and smoother traffic
        
        developed by
        
        ASTAR
        
        NTU
        
        Gardens by The Bay & ST Engineering
        
        Contactless fare payment for public transport
        
        hands-free ticketing technology trial at several train stations
        
        eliminates the need to tap card (uses long-range Radio Frequency Identification technology to detect fare card and deduct as person walks through sensor)
        
        benefits people with disabilities
        
        On-demand autonomous shuttles
        
        demand-driven intelligent transport system which optimises land usage and reduces reliance on limited manpower
        
        on demand public bus trial
        
        commuters can request for pick up and drop off at any bus stop within a define geo-fence
        
        usually during timings with low/unpredictable ridership
        
        utilise dynamic routing and matching algorithms
        
        beeline
        
        cloud-based smart mobility platform developed to provide data-driven bus services for commuters
        
        commuters book seat through smartphone app on buses provided by private bus operators
        
        benefits
        
        2 more items...
        
        Research on SDVs
        
        Centre of Excellence for Testing and Research of AVs-NTU (CETRAN) and Test Circuit by LTA, JTC, NTU
        
        Provide industry players with a simulated road environment (climate, traffic behavior, traffic rules, road design) for testing of SDVs prior to deployment on public roads
        
        Strengthen Singapore's attractiveness as a living lab for local and international parties to test, certify, trial and deploy SDVs
        
        move closer to goal of deploying SDVs for shared transport
        
        Analytics for transportation
        
        LTA analyses data obtained from fare cards and identifies commuter hotspots to manage bus fleets
        
        improve commuter experience
        
        average waiting time on popular services decreased by 3-7 mins
        
        92% reduction in number of bus services with crowding issues despite yearly increase in average daily bus ridership
        
        track arrival times of buses using sensors
        
        facilitate transport planning
    - - e-payments
        
        too many incompatible electronic payments systems
        
        too many new options with different fees each for businesses
        
        caused by lack of centralised body responsible for coordinating improvements
        
        excess infrastructure and limited adoption of more efficient payment methods
        
        National Payments Council
        
        coordinate efforts eg adopting common standards among e-payment industry players
      - transport
        
        taxi industry was greatly disrupted by the arrival of Uber and Grab back in 2017
        
        many found private hire cars more convenient and affordable than normal taxis
      - people might be left behind as Singapore strives towards becoming a Smart Nation
        
        the elderly might be the most potential as they 1. have little experience handling technology and 2. might not be open to the idea
        
        both firms and grassroots organisations have introduced workshops to teach the elderly how to use technology
        
        the People's Association: 4 month programme to help seniors be Smart Nation Ready (learn how to use common apps eg)
        
        OCBC: workshop about mobile banking, cashless payments and online security